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Volumetric measurements offer higher sensitivity and precision, but existing methods of image segmentation, are labour-intensive and prone to variability. Artificial intelligence (AI) frameworks to segment VS using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) achieving state-of-the-art capability can fully automate the detection and segmentation of VS. These tools can be used for automating the extraction process of various linear and volumetric measurements. A consistent approach to recording data, facilitated by AI, will allow the accumulation and comparison of evidence to identify the most effective treatments for patients with VS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This protocol aims to develop a Delphi consensus for the assessment of VS and deployment of AI-based image analysis as a tool for use in VS management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A three-phase consensus study will be undertaken; Phase 1: systematic review (PROSPERO registration number CRD42024604452) of trials and observational studies reporting the measurement of VS to identify a list of candidate indicators; Phase 2: refinement of this list and development of a set of questionnaire questions performed by our local steering committee; and Phase 3: a two-round Delphi questionnaire and consensus meeting with expert stakeholders from the British Skull Base Society (BSBS), European Skull Base Society (ESBS) and European Society of Head and Neck Radiology (ESHNR).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants will be recruited through professional bodies. The core reporting set will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publication, co-production with journal editors, research funders and professional bodies, and presentation at national conferences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical trial number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Not applicable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-026-04063-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T02:41:17Z","timestamp":1782268877000},"page":"2047-2059","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Consensus on the use of artificial intelligence in the management and measurement of vestibular schwannomas: A protocol for a modified delphi consensus"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2308-0579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keng Siang","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Navodini","family":"Wijethilake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1794-0456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom","family":"Vercauteren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rupert","family":"Obholzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazumi","family":"Chia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1162-6394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henricus","family":"Kunst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2483-8700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Tysome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0291-348X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Shapey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"4063_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1308\/rcsann.2017.0217","volume":"100","author":"J Shapey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shapey J, Barkas K, Connor S et al (2018) A standardised pathway for the surveillance of stable vestibular schwannoma. 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