{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T19:08:46Z","timestamp":1793214526407,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749686400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Urolithiasis"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-025-01784-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T04:22:15Z","timestamp":1749702135000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Associations between clinical, biochemical, and nutritional factors in kidney stone formation and recurrence"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"53","author":[{"family":"Kulsoom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saleem","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Urwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irfan Ali","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Awais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Razvan","family":"Pricope","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhavna","family":"Singla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shivam","family":"Singla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreea","family":"Cazacu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatima","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valisher Sapayev Odilbek","family":"uglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mukhayya Xusinovna","family":"Djumaniyazova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zainab","family":"Saba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wajahat","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"1784_CR1","first-page":"33","volume":"509","author":"A Hoffman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hoffman A, Braun MM, Khayat M (2021) Kidney disease: kidney stones. FP Essent 509:33\u201338","journal-title":"FP Essent"},{"key":"1784_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16008","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.8","volume":"2","author":"SR Khan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Khan SR, Pearle MS, Robertson WG et al (2016) Kidney stones. Nat Rev Dis Primer 2:16008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrdp.2016.8","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primer"},{"key":"1784_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-021-00513-4","volume":"18","author":"P Singh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Singh P, Harris PC, Sas DJ, Lieske JC (2022) The genetics of kidney stone disease and nephrocalcinosis. Nat Rev Nephrol 18:224\u2013240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41581-021-00513-4","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"1784_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2003.00917.x","volume":"63","author":"KK Stamatelou","year":"2003","unstructured":"Stamatelou KK, Francis ME, Jones CA et al (2003) Time trends in reported prevalence of kidney stones in the united states: 1976\u20131994. Kidney Int 63:1817\u20131823","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"1784_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673690","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.673690","volume":"12","author":"K Taguchi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Taguchi K, Okada A, Unno R et al (2021) Macrophage function in calcium oxalate kidney stone formation: A systematic review of literature. Front Immunol 12:673690. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.673690","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"1784_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13061917","volume":"13","author":"R Siener","year":"2021","unstructured":"Siener R (2021) Nutrition and kidney stone disease. Nutrients 13:1917. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13061917","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1784_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19030765","volume":"19","author":"M Nirumand","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nirumand M, Hajialyani M, Rahimi R et al (2018) Dietary plants for the prevention and management of kidney stones: preclinical and clinical evidence and molecular mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 19:765. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms19030765","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"1784_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst13071070","volume":"13","author":"M Hefer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hefer M, Huskic IM, Petrovic A et al (2023) A mechanistic insight into beneficial effects of polyphenols in the prevention and treatment of nephrolithiasis: evidence from recent in vitro studies. Crystals 13:1070. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cryst13071070","journal-title":"Crystals"},{"key":"1784_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Morgan MSC, Pearle MS (2016) Medical management of renal stones. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.i52. BMJ i52","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i52"},{"key":"1784_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-014-9904-5","volume":"29","author":"BW Turney","year":"2014","unstructured":"Turney BW, Appleby PN, Reynard JM et al (2014) Diet and risk of kidney stones in the oxford european prospective investigation into Cancer and nutrition (EPIC) cohort. Eur J Epidemiol 29:363\u2013369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10654-014-9904-5","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"1784_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4363","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124363","volume":"13","author":"M Bargagli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bargagli M, Ferraro PM, Vittori M et al (2021) Calcium and vitamin D supplementation and their association with kidney stone disease: A narrative review. Nutrients 13:4363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13124363","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1784_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2023.04.007","volume":"33","author":"C Legay","year":"2023","unstructured":"Legay C, Haeusermann T, Pasquier J et al (2023) Differences in the food consumption between kidney stone formers and nonformers in the swiss kidney stone cohort. J Ren Nutr 33:555\u2013565. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.jrn.2023.04.007","journal-title":"J Ren Nutr"},{"key":"1784_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2020.08.012","volume":"31","author":"F Haghighatdoost","year":"2021","unstructured":"Haghighatdoost F, Sadeghian R, Clark CCT, Abbasi B (2021) Higher dietary acid load is associated with an increased risk of calcium oxalate kidney stones. J Ren Nutr 31:467\u2013474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.jrn.2020.08.012","journal-title":"J Ren Nutr"},{"key":"1784_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2009030276","volume":"20","author":"EN Taylor","year":"2009","unstructured":"Taylor EN, Fung TT, Curhan GC (2009) DASH-Style diet associates with reduced risk for kidney stones. J Am Soc Nephrol 20:2253\u20132259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1681\/ASN.2009030276","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"1784_CR15","first-page":"305","volume":"4","author":"S Khan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Khan S, Thamilselvan S (2000) Nephrolithiasis: a consequence of renal epithelial cell exposure to oxalate and calcium oxalate crystals. Mol Urol 4:305\u2013312","journal-title":"Mol Urol"},{"key":"1784_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612822666151112151653","volume":"22","author":"A Sarrafchi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sarrafchi A, Bahmani M, Shirzad H, Rafieian-Kopaei M (2016) Oxidative stress and parkinson\u2019s disease: new hopes in treatment with herbal antioxidants. Curr Pharm Des 22:238\u2013246","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"1784_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2607","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15112607","volume":"15","author":"I Coello","year":"2023","unstructured":"Coello I, Sanchis P, Pieras EC, Grases F (2023) Diet in different calcium oxalate kidney stones. Nutrients 15:2607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15112607","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1784_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2022.04.012","volume":"42","author":"PM Ferraro","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ferraro PM, Cunha T, da Curhan S GC (2022) Sex differences and the risk of kidney stones. Semin Nephrol 42:230\u2013235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2022.04.012","journal-title":"Semin Nephrol"},{"key":"1784_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2024.02.010","volume":"84","author":"PM Ferraro","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ferraro PM, Taylor EN, Curhan GC (2024) 24-Hour urinary chemistries and kidney stone risk. Am J Kidney Dis Off J Natl Kidney Found 84:164\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ajkd.2024.02.010","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis Off J Natl Kidney Found"},{"key":"1784_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1240171","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1240171","volume":"14","author":"M Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu M, Wu J, Gao M et al (2023) Lifestyle factors, serum parameters, metabolic comorbidities, and the risk of kidney stones: a mendelian randomization study. Front Endocrinol 14:1240171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2023.1240171","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"1784_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-009-0201-9","volume":"37","author":"SR Khan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Khan SR, Canales BK (2009) Genetic basis of renal cellular dysfunction and the formation of kidney stones. Urol Res 37:169\u2013180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00240-009-0201-9","journal-title":"Urol Res"},{"key":"1784_CR22","first-page":"63","volume":"1","author":"E Emami","year":"2023","unstructured":"Emami E, Heidari-Soureshjani S, Oroojeni Mohammadjavad A, Sherwin CM (2023) Obesity and the risk of developing kidney stones: A systematic review and Meta-analysis. Iran J Kidney Dis 1:63\u201372","journal-title":"Iran J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"1784_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1186\/s12894-023-01321-7","volume":"23","author":"K Xia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xia K, Xu Y, Qi Q et al (2023) Ae index is an independent predictor of kidney stone recurrence in overweight and obese patients. BMC Urol 23:151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12894-023-01321-7","journal-title":"BMC Urol"},{"key":"1784_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa066","volume":"111","author":"A Rodriguez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rodriguez A, Curhan GC, Gambaro G et al (2020) Mediterranean diet adherence and risk of incident kidney stones. Am J Clin Nutr 111:1100\u20131106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa066","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1784_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2016.101","volume":"12","author":"FL Coe","year":"2016","unstructured":"Coe FL, Worcester EM, Evan AP (2016) Idiopathic hypercalciuria and formation of calcium renal stones. Nat Rev Nephrol 12:519\u2013533. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrneph.2016.101","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"1784_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2014.01.093","volume":"192","author":"CR Tracy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tracy CR, Best S, Bagrodia A et al (2014) Animal protein and the risk of kidney stones: A comparative metabolic study of animal protein sources. J Urol 192:137\u2013141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.juro.2014.01.093","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"1784_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-66-1-140","volume":"66","author":"NA Breslau","year":"1988","unstructured":"Breslau NA, Brinkley L, Hill KD, Pak CYC (1988) Relationship of animal Protein-Rich diet to kidney stone formation and calcium metabolism**. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 66:140\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem-66-1-140","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1784_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-7796.102678","volume":"4","author":"S Wiwanitkit","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wiwanitkit S, Wiwanitkit V (2012) Urinary pH, melamine, and kidney stone formation. Urol Ann 4:195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0974-7796.102678","journal-title":"Urol Ann"},{"key":"1784_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1097\/00041552-200403000-00006","volume":"13","author":"NM Maalouf","year":"2004","unstructured":"Maalouf NM, Cameron MA, Moe OW, Sakhaee K (2004) Novel insights into the pathogenesis of uric acid nephrolithiasis. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 13:181\u2013189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00041552-200403000-00006","journal-title":"Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens"},{"key":"1784_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2017.12.009","volume":"71","author":"RJ Johnson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Johnson RJ, Bakris GL, Borghi C et al (2018) Hyperuricemia, acute and chronic kidney disease, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease: report of a scientific workshop organized by the national kidney foundation. Am J Kidney Dis Off J Natl Kidney Found 71:851\u2013865. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ajkd.2017.12.009","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis Off J Natl Kidney Found"},{"key":"1784_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106524","volume":"186","author":"G Anan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Anan G, Hirose T, Kikuchi D et al (2022) Inhibition of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 suppresses renal stone formation. Pharmacol Res 186:106524. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106524","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"1784_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-020-00769-2","volume":"34","author":"PM Ferraro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ferraro PM, Baccaro R, Baroni S et al (2021) Effect of water composition and timing of ingestion on urinary lithogenic profile in healthy volunteers: a randomized crossover trial. J Nephrol 34:875\u2013881. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40620-020-00769-2","journal-title":"J Nephrol"},{"key":"1784_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.12.023","volume":"99","author":"NS Krieger","year":"2021","unstructured":"Krieger NS, Asplin J, Granja I et al (2021) Chlorthalidone with potassium citrate decreases calcium oxalate stones and increases bone quality in genetic hypercalciuric stone-forming rats. Kidney Int 99:1118\u20131126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.kint.2020.12.023","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"1784_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnad009","volume":"44","author":"S Jha","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jha S, Simonds WF (2023) Molecular and clinical spectrum of primary hyperparathyroidism. Endocr Rev 44:779\u2013818. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/endrev\/bnad009","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"1784_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst11121507","volume":"11","author":"M Rossi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rossi M, Barone B, Di Domenico D, Esposito R, Fabozzi A, D\u2019Errico G, Prezioso D (2021) Correlation between ion composition of oligomineral water and calcium oxalate crystal formation. Crystals 11:1507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cryst11121507","journal-title":"Crystals"},{"key":"1784_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60091455","volume":"60","author":"E Di Mauro","year":"2024","unstructured":"Di Mauro E, Saldutto P, La Rocca R, Sangiorgi G, Patelli G, Barone B, Verratti V, Castellucci R, Napolitano L, Iacono F et al (2024) Efficacy and safety of boldine combined with Phyllanthus niruri and Ononis spinosa in medical expulsive therapy for distal ureteral stones with renal colic: A Single-Center, retrospective cohort study. Medicina 60:1455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina60091455","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"1784_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2018.09.016","volume":"94","author":"LE Vaughan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vaughan LE, Enders FT, Lieske JC et al (2019) Predictors of symptomatic kidney stone recurrence after the first and subsequent episodes. Mayo Clin Proc 94:202\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mayocp.2018.09.016","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"1784_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali W, Wang F (2024) Molecular probes for monitoring pyroptosis: design, imaging and theranostic application. Apoptosis,: p. 1\u201313","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-024-01980-3"},{"key":"1784_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2024.216221","volume":"522","author":"J Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu J, Li Y, Wang F (2025) Shedding light on alzheimer\u2019s disease: recent advances in highly selective fluorescent probes. Coord Chem Rev 522:216221","journal-title":"Coord Chem Rev"},{"issue":"06","key":"1784_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2226-3971","volume":"56","author":"K Kulsoom","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kulsoom K et al (2024) Revealing melatonin\u2019s mysteries: receptors, signaling pathways, and therapeutics applications. Horm Metab Res 56(06):405\u2013418","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"1784_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali W, Wang F (2025) Advancement in synthetic gene circuits engineering: an alternative strategy for microrna imaging and disease theranostics. Biotechnol Adv, p.108518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2025.108518"},{"key":"1784_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussain S et al (2024) Bioprocessing and purification of Metabolites, in Advances in metabolomics. Springer, pp 307\u2013330","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-97-7459-3_14"}],"container-title":["Urolithiasis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00240-025-01784-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00240-025-01784-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00240-025-01784-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T23:02:35Z","timestamp":1766530955000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00240-025-01784-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1784"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00240-025-01784-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2194-7236"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2194-7236","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 June 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethical Review Committee of D.H.Q Hospital Muzaffargarh, Pakistan. Ethical approval certificate number\n                      DHQ\/ERC\/2023\/056\n                      was issued on\n                      20 th November 2023.\n                      Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their inclusion in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}],"article-number":"112"}}