{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T14:51:24Z","timestamp":1781794284171,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781740800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Urolithiasis"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Three-dimensional (3D) rendering of urologic pathology plays an important role in simulation-based education, surgical training, and computer vision research; however, a standardized, open-access repository of high-fidelity kidney stone models stratified by chemical composition is lacking. We developed and validated a reproducible photogrammetry-based pipeline to generate realistic 3D kidney stone renderings. Chemically characterized human stones composed of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200911), uric acid (UA) (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20095), cystine (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20094), magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate\/carbonate apatite (MAPH\/CA) (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20092), and calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate (CHPD) (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20093) were photographed using a custom-built rotating stage and dual fixed 4\u00a0K cameras. Rendered models were sent to 25 endourologists using a 5-point Likert-scale survey assessing geometric and surface texture fidelity. Successful 3D renderings were obtained for 8\/11 COM stones, 5\/5 UA stones, 2\/2 MAPH\/CA fragments, and 3\/3 CHPD fragments, while all cystine stones failed to render. Across stone types, mean fidelity scores were highest for UA and COM stones (mean 3.8\u20133.9), intermediate for calcium phosphate stones (mean 3.6\u20133.8), and lowest for struvite stones (mean 3.0\u20133.3). Geometry scores were higher than texture scores overall, though this difference was not significant. Significant differences in geometric fidelity were observed across stone compositions (\u03c7\u00b2 = 9.30,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.026). Inter-rater reliability was poor for individual evaluators (ICC\u2009=\u20090.10) but moderate for aggregated mean ratings (ICC\u2009=\u20090.67). This validated workflow enables the creation of generally realistic, open-access 3D kidney stone models (\n                    <jats:italic>github.com\/uro-glidar\/3d-rendering-diverse-stones<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) for simulation, education, and future machine learning applications in endourology.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-026-02019-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T13:52:18Z","timestamp":1781790738000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A validated custom pipeline for three-dimensional kidney stone renderings tocreate an open access repository"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Kimberly Cort\u00e9s","family":"P\u00e9rez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6495-1054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joao G.","family":"Porto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Civetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Archan","family":"Khandekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Marcovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hemendra N.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarvesh","family":"Saini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julio","family":"Ojalvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ubbo","family":"Visser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan E.","family":"Katz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S370591","volume":"14","author":"L Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang L, Zhang X, Pu Y, Zhang Y, Fan J (2022) Global, Regional, and National Burden of Urolithiasis from 1990 to 2019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Clin Epidemiol 14:971\u2013983 370591 PubMed PMID: 35996396; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC9391934","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2019_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2023.03.017","volume":"82","author":"S Shastri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shastri S, Patel J, Sambandam KK, Lederer ED (2023) Kidney Stone Pathophysiology, Evaluation and Management: Core Curriculum 2023. Am J Kidney Dis 82(5):617\u2013634. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ajkd.2023.03.017","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"2019_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0302-2838(02)00265-8","volume":"42","author":"M Brehmer","year":"2002","unstructured":"Brehmer M, Tolley DA (2002) Validation of a Bench Model for Endoscopic Surgery in the Upper Urinary Tract. Eur Urol 42(2):175\u2013180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0302-2838(02)00265-8","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2019_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2005.04.031","volume":"48","author":"M Brehmer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Brehmer M, Swartz R (2005) Training on Bench Models Improves Dexterity in Ureteroscopy. Eur Urol 48(3):458\u2013463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eururo.2005.04.031","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2019_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2015.02.2959","volume":"194","author":"OB Argun","year":"2015","unstructured":"Argun OB, Chrouser K, Chauhan S, Monga M, Knudsen B, Box GN et al (2015) Multi-Institutional Validation of an OSATS for the Assessment of Cystoscopic and Ureteroscopic Skills. J Urol 194(4):1098\u20131106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.juro.2015.02.2959","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2019_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2017.07.047","volume":"110","author":"A Al-Jabir","year":"2017","unstructured":"Al-Jabir A, Aydin A, Abe T, Raison N, Khan MS, Dasgupta P et al (2017) Validation of the Advanced Scope Trainer for Flexible Ureterorenoscopy Training. Urology 110:45\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.urology.2017.07.047","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2019_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.5173\/ceju.2017.1180","volume":"70","author":"S Proietti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Proietti S, Dragos L, Emiliani E, Buttic\u00e8 S, Talso M, Baghdadi M et al (2017) Ureteroscopic skills with and without Roboflex Avicenna in the K-box\u00ae simulator. Cent Eur J Urol 70(1):76\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5173\/ceju.2017.1180","journal-title":"Cent Eur J Urol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2019_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2016.0677","volume":"31","author":"L Villa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Villa L, \u015eener TE, Somani BK, Cloutier J, Buttic\u00e8 S, Marson F et al (2017) Initial Content Validation Results of a New Simulation Model for Flexible Ureteroscopy: The Key-Box. J Endourol 31(1):72\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/end.2016.0677","journal-title":"J Endourol"},{"key":"2019_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Preece R (2015) The current role of simulation in urological training. CEJU 68(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5173\/ceju.2015.522","DOI":"10.5173\/ceju.2015.522"},{"issue":"2","key":"2019_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1177\/1553350617691160","volume":"24","author":"M Knezevic","year":"2017","unstructured":"Knezevic M, Paksi I, Ruzic B, Galeta T (2017) Construction of a 3D Complex Renal Stone Print and Kidney Print for Comprehensive Surgical Planning and Patient Information. Surg Innov 24(2):192\u2013193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1553350617691160","journal-title":"Surg Innov"},{"issue":"1","key":"2019_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s41205-021-00105-9","volume":"7","author":"L Orecchia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Orecchia L, Manfrin D, Germani S, Del Fabbro D, Asimakopoulos AD, Finazzi Agr\u00f2 E et al (2021) Introducing 3D printed models of the upper urinary tract for high-fidelity simulation of retrograde intrarenal surgery. 3D Print Med 7(1):15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41205-021-00105-9","journal-title":"3D Print Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"2019_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13101435","volume":"13","author":"MC Sighinolfi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sighinolfi MC, Menezes AD, Patel V, Moschovas M, Assumma S, Calcagnile T et al (2023) Three-Dimensional Customized Imaging Reconstruction for Urological Surgery: Diffusion and Role in Real-Life Practice from an International Survey. JPM 13(10):1435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm13101435","journal-title":"JPM"},{"issue":"4","key":"2019_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.23736\/S2724-6051.24.05720-3","volume":"76","author":"GY Ai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ai GY, Zhou Z, Huang Z, Zhong J, Liu S, Liu W et al (2024) The value of 3D printing model combined PCNL in kidney stones: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Urol Nephrol 76(4):389\u2013398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23736\/S2724-6051.24.05720-3","journal-title":"Minerva Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"2019_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Morelli L, Karami A, Menna F, Remondino F (2022) Orientation of Images with Low-Contrast Textures and Transparent Objects. Int Arch Photogramm Remote Sens Spat Inf Sci 77\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLVIII-2-W2-2022-77-2022. XLVIII-2\/W2-2022","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLVIII-2-W2-2022-77-2022"},{"issue":"2","key":"2019_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VISI.0000029664.99615.94","volume":"60","author":"DG Lowe","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lowe DG (2004) Distinctive Image Features from Scale-Invariant Keypoints. Int J Comput Vision 60(2):91\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/B:VISI.0000029664.99615.94","journal-title":"Int J Comput Vision"},{"key":"2019_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Remondino F, El-Hakim S Image-based 3D modeling: a review. 2006 Aug 7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4224\/21275176","DOI":"10.4224\/21275176"},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"2019_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crci.2016.05.008","volume":"19","author":"M Daudon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Daudon M, Dessombz A, Frochot V, Letavernier E, Haymann JP, Jungers P et al (2016) Comprehensive morpho-constitutional analysis of urinary stones improves etiological diagnosis and therapeutic strategy of nephrolithiasis. C R Chim 19(11\u201312):1470\u20131491. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.crci.2016.05.008","journal-title":"C R Chim"},{"issue":"1","key":"2019_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.70001","volume":"137","author":"D Lu","year":"2026","unstructured":"Lu D, Deol ES, Koyama T, Oguz I, Kavoussi NL (2026) A computer vision model for automated kidney stone segmentation and evaluation of its performance vs surgeons. BJU Int 137(1):87\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bju.70001","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"2019_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-025-02109-9","volume":"8","author":"C Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang C, Liang H, Chen H, Khan R, Shen D, Liu H et al (2025) Clinical validation of an AI-assisted system for real-time kidney stone detection during flexible ureteroscopic surgery. npj Digit Med 8(1):728. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41746-025-02109-9","journal-title":"npj Digit Med"},{"key":"2019_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-85859-8_29","volume-title":"RoboCup 2024: Robot World Cup XXVII","author":"C Duarte","year":"2025","unstructured":"Duarte C, Luo S, Ojalvo J, Pasternak K, Visser U (2025) A Quantitative Comparison of Vision Performance for the HSR: Gazebo vs. Isaac Simulator. In: Barros E, Hanna JP, Okada H, Torta E (eds) RoboCup 2024: Robot World Cup XXVII. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer Nature Switzerland, Cham, pp 339\u2013350. https:\/\/link.springer.com\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-85859-8_29 doi:10.1007\/978-3-031-85859-8_29"},{"key":"2019_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Villa L, Somani BK, Sener T, Emre et al (2016) Cloutier, Jonathan, Buttice, Salvatore, Marson, Francesco,. Comprehensive flexible ureteroscopy (FURS) simulator for training in endourology: The K-box model. CEJU. ;69(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5173\/ceju.2016.710","DOI":"10.5173\/ceju.2016.710"},{"issue":"1","key":"2019_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s12894-015-0067-9","volume":"15","author":"D Hu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hu D, Liu T, Wang X (2015) Flexible ureteroscopy training for surgeons using isolated porcine kidneys in vitro. BMC Urol 15(1):71. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12894-015-0067-9","journal-title":"BMC Urol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2019_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-4096.2001.01644","volume":"89","author":"MS Michel","year":"2002","unstructured":"Michel MS, Knoll T, K\u00f6hrmann KU, Alken P (2002) The URO Mentor: development and evaluation of a new computer-based interactive training system for virtual life-like simulation of diagnostic and therapeutic endourological procedures. BJU Int 89(3):174\u2013177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1464-4096.2001.01644","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"2019_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2012.01.028","volume":"79","author":"DC Kelly","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kelly DC, Margules AC, Kundavaram CR, Narins H, Gomella LG, Trabulsi EJ et al (2012) Face, Content, and Construct Validation of the da Vinci Skills Simulator. Urology 79(5):1068\u20131072. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.urology.2012.01.028","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2019_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1007\/s11701-021-01363-9","volume":"16","author":"A Gleason","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gleason A, Servais E, Quadri S, Manganiello M, Cheah YL, Simon CJ et al (2022) Developing basic robotic skills using virtual reality simulation and automated assessment tools: a multidisciplinary robotic virtual reality-based curriculum using the Da Vinci Skills Simulator and tracking progress with the Intuitive Learning platform. J Robotic Surg 16(6):1313\u20131319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11701-021-01363-9","journal-title":"J Robotic Surg"},{"issue":"12","key":"2019_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6001","DOI":"10.1097\/MS9.0000000000001342","volume":"85","author":"SU Saqib","year":"2023","unstructured":"Saqib SU, Bajwa AA (2023) The role of Da Vinci Xi robotic simulation curriculum in enhancing skills in robotic colorectal surgery. Annals Med Surg 85(12):6001\u20136007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MS9.0000000000001342","journal-title":"Annals Med Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"2019_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","volume":"15","author":"TK Koo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koo TK, Li MY (2016) A Guideline of Selecting and Reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for Reliability Research. J Chiropr Med 15(2):155\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","journal-title":"J Chiropr Med"},{"key":"2019_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euros.2021.09.011","volume":"34","author":"JE Katz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Katz JE, Soodana-Prakash N, Jain A, Parmar M, Smith N, Kryvenko O et al (2021) Influence of Age and Geography on Chemical Composition of 98043 Urinary Stones from the USA. Eur Urol Open Sci 34:19\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.euros.2021.09.011","journal-title":"Eur Urol Open Sci"}],"container-title":["Urolithiasis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00240-026-02019-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00240-026-02019-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00240-026-02019-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T13:52:19Z","timestamp":1781790739000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00240-026-02019-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2019"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00240-026-02019-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2194-7236"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2194-7236","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"117"}}