{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T11:55:36Z","timestamp":1791374136280,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Urolithiasis"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Silicone ureteral stents provide anti-encrustation properties and patient comfort but are more difficult to insert and remove due to increased surface friction. Applying zwitterionic coatings to silicone stents may reduce friction and facilitate stent placement and removal. This study compared the frictional forces of zwitterionic-coated silicone stents with commercial stents using benchtop models. The static and kinetic frictional forces of five ureteral stents were measured: bare silicone stent without coating (BS), single outer-coated zwitterionic silicone stent (Z1), double-coated (inner and outer) zwitterionic silicone stent (Z2), Black Silicone Filiform stent (\u201cBlack Beauty\u201d) (BB), and Universa Soft stent (US). Friction was assessed with a submerged guidewire model to isolate stent\u2013guidewire friction and a porcine ureteral model to simulate intraoperative stent insertion and removal. Five trials per stent were performed using a force gauge integrated with an Arduino-controlled motor system. Statistical significance was assessed using linear mixed-effects models with stent type and trial as fixed effects and ureter specimen as a random intercept. Pairwise comparisons were adjusted using the Holm method. In the submerged guidewire model, Z2 had 99%, 47%, and 40% lower kinetic friction than BS, BB, and US, respectively. During stent insertion, Z2 had 71%, 43%, and 44% lower kinetic friction than BS, BB, and US, respectively. During stent removal, Z2 had 92%, 58%, and 60% lower kinetic friction than BS, BB, and US, respectively. Linear mixed-effects models demonstrated a significant effect of stent type for all six friction conditions (all\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The double-coated (inner and outer) zwitterionic silicone stent (Z2) demonstrated the lowest frictional forces across all testing conditions. Zwitterionic surface modification may therefore reduce friction during silicone stent placement and removal.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-026-02070-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T11:30:45Z","timestamp":1791372645000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Slippery when wet: The effect of a novel zwitterionic coating on silicone ureteral stents"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Ye Jean","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ye Na Diana","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Connor A.","family":"Church","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elijah","family":"Haynal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Baldwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. Duane","family":"Baldwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2070_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2014.340","volume":"12","author":"D Lange","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lange D, Bidnur S, Hoag N, Chew BH (2015) Ureteral stent-associated complications\u2014where we are and where we are going. Nat Rev Urol 12(1):17\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrurol.2014.340","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2070_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000003616","volume":"210","author":"DE Hinojosa-Gonzalez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hinojosa-Gonzalez DE, Segall MR, Eisner BH (2023) Pharmacological Management of Ureteral Stent-related Symptoms: A Systematic Review, Bayesian Network Meta-analysis, and Meta-regression. J Urol 210(5):739\u2013749. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JU.0000000000003616. Epub 2023 Jul 10. PMID: 37428119","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2070_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000001343","volume":"205","author":"N Tomer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tomer N, Garden E, Small A, Palese M (2021) Ureteral stent encrustation: epidemiology, pathophysiology, management and current technology. J Urol 205(1):68\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JU.0000000000001343","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2070_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20230854","DOI":"10.1515\/med-2023-0854","volume":"18","author":"H Guo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guo H, Yuan JB (2023) New insights into the prevention of ureteral stent encrustation. Open Med (Wars) 18(1):20230854. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/med-2023-0854","journal-title":"Open Med (Wars)"},{"key":"2070_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bargues-Balanz\u00e1 M, Ordaz-Jurado G, Bud\u00eda-Alba A, Boronat-Tormo F (2022) Ureteral stents: impact on patient\u2019s quality of life. In: Boronat-Tormo F, Bud\u00eda-Alba A (eds) Ureteral Stents. Cham (Switzerland). Springer, pp 49\u201358. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-04484-7_5","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-04484-7_5"},{"key":"2070_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euros.2022.09.005","volume":"45","author":"M Boeykens","year":"2022","unstructured":"Boeykens M, Keller EX, Bosio A et al (2022) Impact of ureteral stent material on stent-related symptoms: a systematic review of the literature. Eur Urol Open Sci 45:108\u2013117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.euros.2022.09.005","journal-title":"Eur Urol Open Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2070_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s12894-020-0577-y","volume":"20","author":"N Gadzhiev","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gadzhiev N, Gorelov D, Malkhasyan V et al (2020) Comparison of silicone versus polyurethane ureteral stents: a prospective controlled study. BMC Urol 20(1):57. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12894-020-0577-y","journal-title":"BMC Urol"},{"key":"2070_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtchem.2024.102232","volume":"40","author":"J Wen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wen J, Huang S, Hu Q et al (2024) Recent advances in zwitterionic polymers-based non-fouling coating strategies for biomedical applications. Mater Today Chem 40:102232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mtchem.2024.102232","journal-title":"Mater Today Chem"},{"issue":"14","key":"2070_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11385","DOI":"10.1021\/am501961b","volume":"6","author":"C Blanco","year":"2014","unstructured":"Blanco C, Ortner A, Dimitrov R, Vicente A, Mendoza E, Tzanov T (2014) Building an antifouling zwitterionic coating on urinary catheters using an enzymatically triggered bottom-up approach. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6(14):11385\u201311393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/am501961b","journal-title":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces"},{"key":"2070_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-04484-7_18","volume-title":"Urinary Stents","author":"B Domingues","year":"2022","unstructured":"Domingues B, Silva JM, Aroso IM, Lima E, Barros AA, Reis RL (2022) Coatings for urinary stents: current state and future directions. In: Soria F, Rako D, de Graaf P (eds) Urinary Stents. 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ACS Omega 8(32):29003\u201329011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.3c01800","journal-title":"ACS Omega"}],"container-title":["Urolithiasis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00240-026-02070-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00240-026-02070-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00240-026-02070-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T11:30:46Z","timestamp":1791372646000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00240-026-02070-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2070"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00240-026-02070-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2194-7236"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2194-7236","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) approval was waived because the porcine tissues used in this study were obtained post-mortem from animals processed for food production, and no animals were euthanized specifically for research purposes.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Informed consent was not applicable because no human participants were involved in this study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to Participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Informed consent was not applicable because no human participants were involved in this study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to Publish","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"167"}}