{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T16:06:19Z","timestamp":1782403579254,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,26]],"date-time":"2020-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587859200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,26]],"date-time":"2020-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatr Cardiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-020-02348-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,26]],"date-time":"2020-04-26T09:02:35Z","timestamp":1587891755000},"page":"996-1011","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Impact of Confounding on Cost, Survival, and Length-of-Stay Outcomes for Neonates with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome Undergoing Stage 1 Palliation Surgery"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0159-1335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cynthia L.","family":"Gong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley Y.","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Horak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe S.","family":"Friedlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashwini","family":"Lakshmanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay D.","family":"Pruetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leah","family":"Yieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Ram Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta G.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"2348_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20735","volume":"88","author":"SE Parker","year":"2010","unstructured":"Parker SE, Mai CT, Canfield MA, Rickard R, Wang Y, Meyer RE, Anderson P, Mason CA, Collins JS, Kirby RS, Correa A (2010) Updated National Birth Prevalence estimates for selected birth defects in the United States, 2004\u20132006. Birth Defects Res A 88(12):1008\u20131016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bdra.20735","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res A"},{"issue":"3","key":"2348_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.26.3.240","volume":"26","author":"F Fontan","year":"1971","unstructured":"Fontan F, Baudet E (1971) Surgical repair of tricuspid atresia. Thorax 26(3):240\u2013248","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"4","key":"2348_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.79.4.371","volume":"79","author":"LD Allan","year":"1998","unstructured":"Allan LD, Apfel HD, Printz BF (1998) Outcome after prenatal diagnosis of the hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Heart 79(4):371","journal-title":"Heart"},{"issue":"2","key":"2348_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.5935\/abc.20160017","volume":"106","author":"LF Caneo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Caneo LF, Neirotti RA, Turquetto AL, Jatene MB (2016) The fontan operation is not the end of the road. Arq Bras Cardiol 106(2):162\u2013165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5935\/abc.20160017","journal-title":"Arq Bras Cardiol"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"2348_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.09.022","volume":"59","author":"JA Feinstein","year":"2012","unstructured":"Feinstein JA, Benson DW, Dubin AM, Cohen MS, Maxey DM, Mahle WT, Pahl E, Villafane J, Bhatt AB, Peng LF, Johnson BA, Marsden AL, Daniels CJ, Rudd NA, Caldarone CA, Mussatto KA, Morales DL, Ivy DD, Gaynor JW, Tweddell JS, Deal BJ, Furck AK, Rosenthal GL, Ohye RG, Ghanayem NS, Cheatham JP, Tworetzky W, Martin GR (2012) Hypoplastic left heart syndrome: current considerations and expectations. J Am Coll Cardiol 59(1 Suppl):S1\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.09.022","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2348_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.0000135471.17922.17","volume":"110","author":"AC Marshall","year":"2004","unstructured":"Marshall AC, van der Velde ME, Tworetzky W, Gomez CA, Wilkins-Haug L, Benson CB, Jennings RW, Lock JE (2004) Creation of an atrial septal defect in utero for fetuses with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and intact or highly restrictive atrial septum. Circulation 110(3):253\u2013258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.cir.0000135471.17922.17","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"19","key":"2348_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.09.018","volume":"64","author":"RU Shenoy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shenoy RU, Parness IA (2014) Hypoplastic left heart syndrome: looking back, looking forward. J Am Coll Cardiol 64(19):2036\u20132038. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.09.018","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"4 Pt 1","key":"2348_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-5223(00)70007-9","volume":"119","author":"DL Williams","year":"2000","unstructured":"Williams DL, Gelijns AC, Moskowitz AJ, Weinberg AD, Ng JH, Crawford E, Hayes CJ, Quaegebeur JM (2000) Hypoplastic left heart syndrome: valuing the survival. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 119(4 Pt 1):720\u2013731. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0022-5223(00)70007-9","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"issue":"21","key":"2348_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1980","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0912461","volume":"362","author":"RG Ohye","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ohye RG, Sleeper LA, Mahony L, Newburger JW, Pearson GD, Lu M, Goldberg CS, Tabbutt S, Frommelt PC, Ghanayem NS, Laussen PC, Rhodes JF, Lewis AB, Mital S, Ravishankar C, Williams IA, Dunbar-Masterson C, Atz AM, Colan S, Minich LL, Pizarro C, Kanter KR, Jaggers J, Jacobs JP, Krawczeski CD, Pike N, McCrindle BW, Virzi L, Gaynor JW (2010) Comparison of shunt types in the Norwood procedure for single-ventricle lesions. N Engl J Med 362(21):1980\u20131992. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa0912461","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2348_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-012-0499-x","volume":"34","author":"MG Debrunner","year":"2013","unstructured":"Debrunner MG, Porayette P, Breinholt JP 3rd, Turrentine MW, Cordes TM (2013) Midterm survival of infants requiring postoperative extracorporeal membrane oxygenation after Norwood palliation. Pediatr Cardiol 34(3):570\u2013575. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00246-012-0499-x","journal-title":"Pediatr Cardiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2348_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951115001031","volume":"26","author":"BR Anderson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Anderson BR, Ciarleglio AJ, Cohen DJ, Lai WW, Neidell M, Hall M, Glied SA, Bacha EA (2016) The Norwood operation: relative effects of surgeon and institutional volumes on outcomes and resource utilization. Cardiol Young 26(4):683\u2013692. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1047951115001031","journal-title":"Cardiol Young"},{"issue":"371\u2013379","key":"2348_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.07.060","volume":"203","author":"NM Pinto","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pinto NM, Waitzman N, Nelson R, Minich LL, Krikov S, Botto LD (2018) Early childhood inpatient costs of critical congenital heart disease. J Pediatr 203(371\u2013379):e377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.07.060","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"2348_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-018-1887-7","volume":"39","author":"L Essaid","year":"2018","unstructured":"Essaid L, Strassle PD, Jernigan EG, Nelson JS (2018) Regional differences in cost and length of stay in neonates with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Pediatr Cardiol 39(6):1229\u20131235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00246-018-1887-7","journal-title":"Pediatr Cardiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2348_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951115002498","volume":"26","author":"KE McHugh","year":"2016","unstructured":"McHugh KE, Pasquali SK, Hall MA, Scheurer MA (2016) Impact of postoperative complications on hospital costs following the Norwood operation. Cardiol Young 26(7):1303\u20131309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1047951115002498","journal-title":"Cardiol Young"},{"key":"2348_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-015-0355-1","volume":"10","author":"DA Danford","year":"2015","unstructured":"Danford DA, Karels Q, Kulkarni A, Hussain A, Xiao Y, Kutty S (2015) Mortality-related resource utilization in the inpatient care of hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Orphanet J Rare Dis 10:137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13023-015-0355-1","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"2348_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-0803.2007.00119.x","volume":"2","author":"OJ Benavidez","year":"2007","unstructured":"Benavidez OJ, Connor JA, Gauvreau K, Jenkins KJ (2007) The contribution of complications to high resource utilization during congenital heart surgery admissions. Congenit Heart Dis 2(5):319\u2013326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1747-0803.2007.00119.x","journal-title":"Congenit Heart Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"2348_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2013.02.039","volume":"111","author":"RJ Czosek","year":"2013","unstructured":"Czosek RJ, Anderson JB, Heaton PC, Cassedy A, Schnell B, Cnota JF (2013) Staged palliation of hypoplastic left heart syndrome: trends in mortality, cost, and length of stay using a national database from 2000 through 2009. Am J Cardiol 111(12):1792\u20131799. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjcard.2013.02.039","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2348_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-007-9171-2","volume":"29","author":"JC Hirsch","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hirsch JC, Gurney JG, Donohue JE, Gebremariam A, Bove EL, Ohye RG (2008) Hospital mortality for Norwood and arterial switch operations as a function of institutional volume. Pediatr Cardiol 29(4):713\u2013717. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00246-007-9171-2","journal-title":"Pediatr Cardiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2348_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1181","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-3742","volume":"128","author":"PN Dean","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dean PN, Hillman DG, McHugh KE, Gutgesell HP (2011) Inpatient costs and charges for surgical treatment of hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Pediatrics 128(5):e1181\u20131186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2010-3742","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"2348_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2012.04.050","volume":"110","author":"SC Menon","year":"2012","unstructured":"Menon SC, Keenan HT, Weng HY, Lambert LM, Burch PT, Edwards R, Spackman A, Korgenski KE, Tani LY (2012) Outcome and resource utilization of infants born with hypoplastic left heart syndrome in the Intermountain West. Am J Cardiol 110(5):720\u2013727. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjcard.2012.04.050","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2348_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000000159","volume":"15","author":"M Jolley","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jolley M, Yarlagadda VV, Rajagopal SK, Almodovar MC, Rycus PT, Thiagarajan RR (2014) Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation-supported cardiopulmonary resuscitation following stage 1 palliation for hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Pediatr Crit Care Med 15(6):538\u2013545. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PCC.0000000000000159","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2348_CR22","unstructured":"Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (2019) User Guide: Cost-to-Charge Ratio File for KID, 2003\u20132016. Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. https:\/\/www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov\/db\/state\/costtocharge.jsp. Accessed 18 April 2019"},{"key":"2348_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.13792.1","author":"JPG van der Ven","year":"2018","unstructured":"van der Ven JPG, van den Bosch E, Bogers A, Helbing WA (2018) State of the art of the Fontan strategy for treatment of univentricular heart disease. F1000Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.13792.1","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"2348_CR24","unstructured":"Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (2019) ZIPINC_QRTL - Median household income for patient's ZIP Code (based on current year). Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project,. https:\/\/www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov\/db\/vars\/zipinc_qrtl\/nisnote.jsp. Accessed 12 March 2020"},{"key":"2348_CR25","unstructured":"Society of Thoracic Surgeons (2019) Data Collection Form v3.41. https:\/\/www.sts.org\/registries-research-center\/sts-national-database\/congenital-heart-surgery-database\/data-collection. Accessed 18 April 2019"},{"issue":"6","key":"2348_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.21554","volume":"321","author":"S Haneuse","year":"2019","unstructured":"Haneuse S, VanderWeele TJ, Arterburn D (2019) Using the E-value to assess the potential effect of unmeasured confounding in observational studies. JAMA 321(6):602\u2013603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2018.21554","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5","key":"2348_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000864","volume":"29","author":"MB Mathur","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mathur MB, Ding P, Riddell CA, VanderWeele TJ (2018) Web site and R package for computing E-values. Epidemiology 29(5):e45\u2013e47. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000864","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2348_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2011.05.100","volume":"92","author":"CP Hornik","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hornik CP, He X, Jacobs JP, Li JS, Jaquiss RD, Jacobs ML, O'Brien SM, Peterson ED, Pasquali SK (2011) Complications after the Norwood operation: an analysis of The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database. Ann Thorac Surg 92(5):1734\u20131740. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2011.05.100","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"2348_CR29","unstructured":"Society of Thoracic Surgeons (2019) Neonates - Spring 2019 Harvest. https:\/\/www.sts.org\/registries-research-center\/sts-national-database\/sts-congenital-heart-surgery-database. Accessed November 12 2019"},{"issue":"2","key":"2348_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.12120","volume":"49","author":"JA Romley","year":"2014","unstructured":"Romley JA, Chen AY, Goldman DP, Williams R (2014) Hospital costs and inpatient mortality among children undergoing surgery for congenital heart disease. Health Serv Res 49(2):588\u2013608. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1475-6773.12120","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2348_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2012.05.019","volume":"144","author":"S Tabbutt","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tabbutt S, Ghanayem N, Ravishankar C, Sleeper LA, Cooper DS, Frank DU, Lu M, Pizarro C, Frommelt P, Goldberg CS, Graham EM, Krawczeski CD, Lai WW, Lewis A, Kirsh JA, Mahony L, Ohye RG, Simsic J, Lodge AJ, Spurrier E, Stylianou M, Laussen P, Pediatric Heart Network I (2012) Risk factors for hospital morbidity and mortality after the Norwood procedure: a report from the Pediatric Heart Network Single Ventricle Reconstruction trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 144(4):882\u2013895. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2012.05.019","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"2348_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-14-198","volume":"14","author":"D Pieper","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pieper D, Mathes T, Asfour B (2014) A systematic review of the impact of volume of surgery and specialization in Norwood procedure. BMC Pediatr 14:198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2431-14-198","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"issue":"69\u201375","key":"2348_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.10.002","volume":"169","author":"D Faraoni","year":"2016","unstructured":"Faraoni D, Nasr VG, DiNardo JA, Thiagarajan RR (2016) Hospital costs for neonates and children supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Pediatr 169(69\u201375):e61. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.10.002","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"2348_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.5935\/abc.20160080","volume":"107","author":"M Gulgun","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gulgun M, Slack M (2016) Stent placement in a neonate with sano modification of the norwood using semi-elective extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Arq Bras Cardiol 107(6):600\u2013604. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5935\/abc.20160080","journal-title":"Arq Bras Cardiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2348_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-001-1202-5","volume":"28","author":"KL Brown","year":"2002","unstructured":"Brown KL, Shekerdemian LS, Penny DJ (2002) Transcatheter closure of a patent arterial duct in a patient on veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Intensive Care Med 28(4):501\u2013503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-001-1202-5","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"2348_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2003.10.051","volume":"43","author":"EM Zahn","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zahn EM, Dobrolet NC, Nykanen DG, Ojito J, Hannan RL, Burke RP (2004) Interventional catheterization performed in the early postoperative period after congenital heart surgery in children. J Am Coll Cardiol 43(7):1264\u20131269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2003.10.051","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2348_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)02343-4","volume":"40","author":"KL Booth","year":"2002","unstructured":"Booth KL, Roth SJ, Perry SB, del Nido PJ, Wessel DL, Laussen PC (2002) Cardiac catheterization of patients supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Am Coll Cardiol 40(9):1681\u20131686","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2348_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-1150","volume":"117","author":"S Petrou","year":"2006","unstructured":"Petrou S, Bischof M, Bennett C, Elbourne D, Field D, McNally H (2006) Cost-effectiveness of neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation based on 7-year results from the United Kingdom Collaborative ECMO Trial. Pediatrics 117(5):1640\u20131649. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2005-1150","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"2348_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2005.11.035","volume":"131","author":"A Hoskote","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hoskote A, Bohn D, Gruenwald C, Edgell D, Cai S, Adatia I, Van Arsdell G (2006) Extracorporeal life support after staged palliation of a functional single ventricle: subsequent morbidity and survival. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 131(5):1114\u20131121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2005.11.035","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2348_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/s0003-4975(03)01365-1","volume":"77","author":"RM Ungerleider","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ungerleider RM, Shen I, Yeh T, Schultz J, Butler R, Silberbach M, Giacomuzzi C, Heller E, Studenberg L, Mejak B, You J, Farrel D, McClure S, Austin EH (2004) Routine mechanical ventricular assist following the Norwood procedure\u2014improved neurologic outcome and excellent hospital survival. Ann Thorac Surg 77(1):18\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0003-4975(03)01365-1","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"2348_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1177\/1077558707309613","volume":"65","author":"LR Hearld","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hearld LR, Alexander JA, Fraser I, Jiang HJ (2008) Review: how do hospital organizational structure and processes affect quality of care? A critical review of research methods. Med Care Res Rev 65(3):259\u2013299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1077558707309613","journal-title":"Med Care Res Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"2348_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzn037","volume":"20","author":"H Shipton","year":"2008","unstructured":"Shipton H, Armstrong C, West M, Dawson J (2008) The impact of leadership and quality climate on hospital performance. Int J Qual Health Care 20(6):439\u2013445. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/intqhc\/mzn037","journal-title":"Int J Qual Health Care"},{"key":"2348_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skinner J (2011) Causes and Consequences of Regional Variations in Health Care11This chapter was written for the Handbook of Health Economics (Vol. 2). My greatest debt is to John E. Wennberg for introducing me to the study of regional variations. I am also grateful to Handbook authors Elliott Fisher, Joseph Newhouse, Douglas Staiger, Amitabh Chandra, and especially Mark Pauly for insightful comments, and to the National Institute on Aging (PO1 AG19783) for financial support. 2:45\u201393. doi:10.1016\/b978-0-444-53592-4.00002-5","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53592-4.00002-5"},{"issue":"20","key":"2348_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e010342","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.010342","volume":"7","author":"S Peyvandi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Peyvandi S, Baer RJ, Moon-Grady AJ, Oltman SP, Chambers CD, Norton ME, Rajagopal S, Ryckman KK, Jelliffe-Pawlowski LL, Steurer MA (2018) Socioeconomic mediators of racial and ethnic disparities in congenital heart disease outcomes: a population-based study in California. J Am Heart Assoc 7(20):e010342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/JAHA.118.010342","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"2348_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bennett KM, Scarborough JE, Pappas TN, Kepler TB (2010) Patient socioeconomic status is an independent predictor of operative mortality. Ann Surg 252(3):552\u2013557; doi: 10.1097\/SLA.0b013e3181f2ac64","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e3181f2ac64"},{"issue":"8","key":"2348_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-016-1472-x","volume":"37","author":"DA Castellanos","year":"2016","unstructured":"Castellanos DA, Herrington C, Adler S, Haas K, Ram Kumar S, Kung GC (2016) Home Monitoring Program Reduces Mortality in High-Risk Sociodemographic Single-Ventricle Patients. Pediatr Cardiol 37(8):1575\u20131580. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00246-016-1472-x","journal-title":"Pediatr Cardiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2348_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semtcvs.2016.08.011","volume":"28","author":"SP Hanke","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hanke SP, Joy B, Riddle E, Ravishankar C, Peterson LE, King E, Mangeot C, Brown DW, Schoettker P, Anderson JB, Bates KE (2016) Risk Factors for Unanticipated Readmissions During the Interstage: A Report From the National Pediatric Cardiology Quality Improvement Collaborative. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 28(4):803\u2013814. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.semtcvs.2016.08.011","journal-title":"Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"2348_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2014.02.038","volume":"148","author":"NA Rudd","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rudd NA, Frommelt MA, Tweddell JS, Hehir DA, Mussatto KA, Frontier KD, Slicker JA, Bartz PJ, Ghanayem NS (2014) Improving interstage survival after Norwood operation: outcomes from 10 years of home monitoring. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 148(4):1540\u20131547. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2014.02.038","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Cardiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00246-020-02348-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00246-020-02348-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00246-020-02348-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]],"date-time":"2021-04-25T23:05:03Z","timestamp":1619391903000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00246-020-02348-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,26]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["2348"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00246-020-02348-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0172-0643","1432-1971"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0172-0643","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1971","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 December 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 April 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 April 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"All authors report no other disclosures or conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee (include name of committee\u2009+\u2009reference number) and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This article does not contain any studies with animals performed by any of the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}}]}}