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The aim of this study was to examine the gut microbiome pre- and post-bypass surgery to explore potential implications of altered gut biodiversity.\u00a0A prospective cohort study involving infants with CHD who underwent CPB\u00a0was performed. Faecal samples were collected from infants alongside the collection of demographic and clinical data in order to examine gut microbiome changes before and after surgery. 16S rRNA sequencing analysis was performed on DNA isolated from stool samples to determine changes in gut microbiome composition. Thirty-three patients were recruited, with samples from thirteen of these available for final analysis. Compared with healthy, matched controls, at a genus level, pre-operative samples for infants with CHD demonstrated a higher relative abundance of\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia-Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                    (31% vs 2\u20136%) and a lower relative abundance of\n                    <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    (13% vs 40\u201360%). In post-operative samples, the relative abundance of\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia-Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                    (35%),\n                    <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (11%),\n                    <jats:italic>Akkermansia<\/jats:italic>\n                    (6%), and\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (5%) were higher than pre-op samples. One infant developed post-operative necrotising-enterocolitis (NEC). They displayed a marked abundance of the\n                    <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (93%) genus pre-operatively. This study demonstrates that infants with CHD have an altered gut\u00a0microbiome when compared with healthy controls and there might be a possible link between an abundance of virulent species and NEC.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-024-03634-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T12:19:05Z","timestamp":1724415545000},"page":"1868-1878","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Gut Microbiome in Children with Congenital Heart Disease After Cardiopulmonary Bypass Surgery (GuMiBear Study)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Fatma","family":"Koc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Magner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiera","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean T.","family":"Kelleher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mong H.","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Molly","family":"O\u2019Toole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominic","family":"Jenkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordan","family":"Boyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Lavelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niamh","family":"Maguire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul R.","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Stanton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colin J.","family":"McMahon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"3634_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(16)36830-4","volume":"37","author":"JI Hoffman","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hoffman JI (1990) Congenital heart disease: incidence and inheritance. 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