{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T13:22:57Z","timestamp":1789046577696,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatr Cardiol"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-026-04449-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T12:12:14Z","timestamp":1789042334000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Heart\u2013Microbiome Axis: Emerging Relevance in Pediatric Cardiology"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Sean","family":"Kelleher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0337-9338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colin J.","family":"McMahon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"4449_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.309715","volume":"120","author":"WH Tang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tang WH, Kitai T, Hazen SL (2017) Gut microbiota in cardiovascular health and disease. Circ Res 120(7):1183\u20131196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.309715","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"4449_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.149","volume":"16","author":"JM Brown","year":"2018","unstructured":"Brown JM, Hazen SL (2018) Microbial modulation of cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Microbiol 16(3):171\u2013181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.149","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4449_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.316242","volume":"127","author":"M Witkowski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Witkowski M, Weeks TL, Hazen SL (2020) Gut microbiota and cardiovascular disease. Circ Res 127(4):553\u2013570. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.316242","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"4449_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00018.2018","volume":"99","author":"JF Cryan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cryan JF, O\u2019Riordan KJ, Cowan CSM et al (2019) The microbiota\u2013gut\u2013brain axis. Physiol Rev 99(4):1877\u20132013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physrev.00018.2018","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"4449_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2018.09.008","volume":"27","author":"RC Robertson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Robertson RC, Manges AR, Finlay BB, Prendergast AJ (2019) The human microbiome and child growth\u2014first 1000 days and beyond. Trends Microbiol 27(2):131\u2013147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tim.2018.09.008","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4449_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2017.111","volume":"82","author":"WA Walker","year":"2017","unstructured":"Walker WA (2017) The importance of appropriate initial bacterial colonization of the intestine in newborn, child, and adult health. Pediatr Res 82(3):387\u2013395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/pr.2017.111","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"4449_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-017-0268-4","volume":"5","author":"ME Perez-Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Perez-Mu\u00f1oz ME, Arrieta MC, Ramer-Tait AE, Walter J (2017) A critical assessment of the sterile womb and in utero colonization hypotheses: implications for research on the pioneer infant microbiome. Microbiome 5:48. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40168-017-0268-4","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"4","key":"4449_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e144","DOI":"10.1002\/imt2.144","volume":"2","author":"Y Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu Y, Huang Y, He Q et al (2023) From heart to gut: exploring the gut microbiome in congenital heart disease. iMeta 2(4):e144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/imt2.144","journal-title":"iMeta"},{"issue":"3","key":"4449_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.21037\/tp-22-33","volume":"11","author":"X Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu X, Lu S, Shao Y, Zhang D, Tu J, Chen J (2022) Disorders of gut microbiota in children with Tetralogy of Fallot. Transl Pediatr 11(3):385\u2013395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/tp-22-33","journal-title":"Transl Pediatr"},{"issue":"7","key":"4449_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-024-03634-2","volume":"46","author":"F Koc","year":"2025","unstructured":"Koc F, Magner C, Murphy K, Kelleher ST, Tan MH, O\u2019Toole M et al (2025) Gut microbiome in children with congenital heart disease after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery (GuMiBear Study). Pediatr Cardiol 46(7):1868\u20131878. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00246-024-03634-2","journal-title":"Pediatr Cardiol"},{"key":"4449_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-014-0189-7","volume":"14","author":"SC Bischoff","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bischoff SC, Barbara G, Buurman W et al (2014) Intestinal permeability\u2014a new target for disease prevention and therapy. BMC Gastroenterol 14:189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12876-014-0189-7","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4449_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-318427","volume":"68","author":"M Camilleri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Camilleri M (2019) Leaky gut: mechanisms, measurement and clinical implications in humans. Gut 68(8):1516\u20131526. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-318427","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"7","key":"4449_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.302317","volume":"116","author":"DL Mann","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mann DL (2015) Innate immunity and the failing heart: the cytokine hypothesis revisited. Circ Res 116(7):1254\u20131268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.302317","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"7341","key":"4449_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09922","volume":"472","author":"Z Wang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang Z, Klipfell E, Bennett BJ, Koeth R, Levison BS, Dugar B et al (2011) Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature 472(7341):57\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature09922","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"4449_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3145","volume":"19","author":"RA Koeth","year":"2013","unstructured":"Koeth RA, Wang Z, Levison BS, Buffa JA, Org E, Sheehy BT et al (2013) Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nat Med 19(5):576\u2013585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nm.3145","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"4449_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800100-4.00003-9","volume":"121","author":"J Tan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tan J, McKenzie C, Potamitis M, Thorburn AN, Mackay CR, Macia L (2014) The role of short-chain fatty acids in health and disease. Adv Immunol 121:91\u2013119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-800100-4.00003-9","journal-title":"Adv Immunol"},{"issue":"7762","key":"4449_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1291-3","volume":"570","author":"M Zimmermann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zimmermann M, Zimmermann-Kogadeeva M, Wegmann R, Goodman AL (2019) Mapping human microbiome drug metabolism by gut bacteria and their genes. Nature 570(7762):462\u2013467. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-019-1291-3","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"4449_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2016.08.002","volume":"179","author":"ID Wilson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wilson ID, Nicholson JK (2017) Gut microbiome interactions with drug metabolism, efficacy, and toxicity. Transl Res 179:204\u2013222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trsl.2016.08.002","journal-title":"Transl Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"4449_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.04.004","volume":"17","author":"F B\u00e4ckhed","year":"2015","unstructured":"B\u00e4ckhed F, Roswall J, Peng Y, Feng Q, Jia H, Kovatcheva-Datchary P et al (2015) Dynamics and stabilization of the human gut microbiome during the first year of life. Cell Host Microbe 17(5):690\u2013703. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chom.2015.04.004","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"4449_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00427","volume":"5","author":"MC Arrieta","year":"2014","unstructured":"Arrieta MC, Stiemsma LT, Amenyogbe N, Brown EM, Finlay BB (2014) The intestinal microbiome in early life: health and disease. Front Immunol 5:427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00427","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"4449_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rychik J (2016) The relentless effects of the Fontan paradox. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Pediatr Card Surg Annu. 19:37\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.pcsu.2015.11.006","DOI":"10.1053\/j.pcsu.2015.11.006"},{"issue":"3","key":"4449_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2019.02.006","volume":"74","author":"TT Gordon-Walker","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gordon-Walker TT, Bove K, Veldtman G (2019) Fontan-associated liver disease: a review. J Cardiol 74(3):223\u2013232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jjcc.2019.02.006","journal-title":"J Cardiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4449_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-021-02691-1","volume":"42","author":"ST Kelleher","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kelleher ST, McMahon CJ, James A (2021) Necrotizing enterocolitis in children with congenital heart disease: a literature review. Pediatr Cardiol 42(8):1688\u20131699. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00246-021-02691-1","journal-title":"Pediatr Cardiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"4449_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2016.119","volume":"13","author":"DF Ni\u00f1o","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ni\u00f1o DF, Sodhi CP, Hackam DJ (2016) Necrotizing enterocolitis: new insights into pathogenesis and mechanisms. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 13(10):590\u2013600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrgastro.2016.119","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4449_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.3390\/foods8030092","volume":"8","author":"D Davani-Davari","year":"2019","unstructured":"Davani-Davari D, Negahdaripour M, Karimzadeh I, Seifan M, Mohkam M, Masoumi SJ et al (2019) Prebiotics: definition, types, sources, mechanisms, and clinical applications. Foods 8(3):92. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods8030092","journal-title":"Foods"},{"issue":"6","key":"4449_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2021051485","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2021-051485","volume":"147","author":"B Poindexter","year":"2021","unstructured":"Poindexter B, Committee on Fetus and Newborn (2021) Use of probiotics in preterm infants. Pediatrics 147(6):e2021051485. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2021-051485","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"4449_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.106.5.1080","volume":"106","author":"DB McElhinney","year":"2000","unstructured":"McElhinney DB, Hedrick HL, Bush DM et al (2000) Necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates with congenital heart disease: risk factors and outcomes. Pediatrics 106(5):1080\u20131087. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.106.5.1080","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"7","key":"4449_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.11.055","volume":"163","author":"Z Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang Z, Roberts AB, Buffa JA et al (2015) Non-lethal inhibition of gut microbial trimethylamine production for the treatment of atherosclerosis. Cell 163(7):1585\u20131595. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2015.11.055","journal-title":"Cell"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Cardiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00246-026-04449-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00246-026-04449-z","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00246-026-04449-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T12:12:14Z","timestamp":1789042334000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00246-026-04449-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"references-count":28,"alternative-id":["4449"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00246-026-04449-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["0172-0643","1432-1971"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0172-0643","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1971","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing Interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}