{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T03:50:14Z","timestamp":1787370614939,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"S2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,17]],"date-time":"2011-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1313539200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatr Radiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-011-2136-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,17]],"date-time":"2011-08-17T11:02:28Z","timestamp":1313578948000},"page":"517-522","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Sedation and anesthesia for CT: emerging issues for providing high-quality care"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Charles G.","family":"Macias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corrie E.","family":"Chumpitazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2136_CR1","volume-title":"Crossing the quality chasm: a new health system for the 21st century","author":"The Institute of Medicine","year":"2001","unstructured":"The Institute of Medicine (2001) Crossing the quality chasm: a new health system for the 21st century. National Academy Press, Washington DC"},{"key":"2136_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2006.09.025","volume":"49","author":"CD Blackwell","year":"2007","unstructured":"Blackwell CD, Gorelick M, Holmes JF et al (2007) Pediatric head trauma: changes in use of computed tomography in Emergency Departments in the United States over time. Ann Emerg Med 49:320\u2013324","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"2136_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s10140-007-0618-9","volume":"14","author":"J Broder","year":"2007","unstructured":"Broder J, Fordham LA, Warshauer DM (2007) Increasing utilization of computed tomography in the pediatric emergency department, 2000\u20132006. Emerg Radiol 14:227\u2013232","journal-title":"Emerg Radiol"},{"key":"2136_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.09.3682","volume":"194","author":"BA Townsend","year":"2010","unstructured":"Townsend BA, Callahan MJ, Zurakowski D et al (2010) Has pediatric CT at children\u2019s hospitals reached its peak? AJR 194:1194\u20131196","journal-title":"AJR"},{"key":"2136_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0b013e3181981f96","volume":"108","author":"RE Wachtel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wachtel RE, Dexter F, Dow AJ (2009) Growth rates in pediatric diagnostic imaging and sedation. Anesth Analg 108:1616\u20131621","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"2136_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0313","volume":"118","author":"JP Cravero","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cravero JP, Blike GT, Beach M et al (2006) Incidence and nature of adverse events during pediatric sedation\/anesthesia for procedures outside the operating room: report from the Pediatric Sedation Research Consortium. Pediatrics 118:1087\u20131096","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2136_CR7","first-page":"283","volume":"61","author":"JB Temme","year":"1990","unstructured":"Temme JB, Anderson JC, Matecko S (1990) Sedation of children for CT and MRI scanning. Radiol Technol 61:283\u2013285","journal-title":"Radiol Technol"},{"key":"2136_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2008.11.002","volume":"64","author":"K Patatas","year":"2009","unstructured":"Patatas K, Koukkoulli A (2009) The use of sedation in the radiology department. Clin Radiol 64:655\u2013663","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"key":"2136_CR9","unstructured":"American Society of Anesthesiologists. Continuum of Depth of Sedation; Definition of General Anesthesia and Levels of Sedation\/Analgesia (Approved by ASA House of Delegates on October 13, 1999, and last amended on October 27, 2004). Available via http:\/\/www.asahq.org\/ . Accessed 16 Jan 2011"},{"key":"2136_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics, American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry, Cot\u00e9 CJ, et al (2006) Guidelines for monitoring and management of pediatric patients during and after sedation for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures: an update. Pediatrics 118:2587\u20132602","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-2780"},{"key":"2136_CR11","unstructured":"American College of Radiology (2010) ACR\u2013SIR practice guideline for sedation\/analgesia. Available via http:\/\/www.acr.org\/SecondaryMainMenuCategories\/quality_safety\/guidelines\/iv\/adult_sedation.aspx . Accessed 16 Jan 2011"},{"key":"2136_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/88.2.241","volume":"88","author":"S Malviya","year":"2002","unstructured":"Malviya S, Voepel-Lewis T, Tait AR et al (2002) Depth of sedation in children undergoing computed tomography: validity and reliability of the University of Michigan Sedation Scale (UMSS). Br J Anaesth 88:241\u2013245","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"2136_CR13","unstructured":"American Society of Anesthesiologists (2011) ASA Physical Status Classification System. Available via http:\/\/www.asahq.org\/clinical\/physicalstatus.htm . Accessed 11 Jan 2011"},{"key":"2136_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199405000-00004","volume":"22","author":"J Hansen-Flaschen","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hansen-Flaschen J, Cowen J, Polomano RC (1994) Beyond the Ramsay scale: need for a validated measure of sedating drug efficacy in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 22:732\u2013733","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2136_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199704000-00014","volume":"86","author":"PS Glass","year":"1997","unstructured":"Glass PS, Bloom M, Kearse L et al (1997) Bispectral analysis measures sedation and memory effects of propofol, midazolam, isoflurane, and alfentanil in healthy volunteers. Anesthesiology 86:836\u2013847","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2136_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2006.01975.x","volume":"16","author":"KP Mason","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mason KP, Michna E, Zurakowski D et al (2006) Value of bispectral index monitor in differentiating between moderate and deep Ramsay Sedation Scores in children. Paediatr Anaesth 16:1226\u20131231","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"2136_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2002.tb01318.x","volume":"9","author":"JR Miner","year":"2002","unstructured":"Miner JR, Heegaard W, Plummer D (2002) End-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring during procedural sedation. Acad Emerg Med 9:275\u2013280","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"2136_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2302030107","volume":"230","author":"KP Mason","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mason KP, Sanborn P, Zurakowski D et al (2004) Superiority of pentobarbital versus chloral hydrate for sedation in infants during imaging. Radiology 230:537\u2013542","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2136_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1177\/000992289503400602","volume":"34","author":"GA Hollman","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hollman GA, Elderbrook MK, VanDenLangenberg B (1995) Results of a pediatric sedation program on head MRI scan success rates and procedure duration times. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 34:300\u2013305","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr (Phila)"},{"key":"2136_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-199201000-00002","volume":"16","author":"AM Hubbard","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hubbard AM, Markowitz RI, Kimmel B et al (1992) Sedation for pediatric patients undergoing CT and MRI. J Comput Assist Tomogr 16:3\u20136","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Tomogr"},{"key":"2136_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03018913","volume":"47","author":"DS Beebe","year":"2000","unstructured":"Beebe DS, Tran P, Bragg M et al (2000) Trained nurses can provide safe and effective sedation for MRI in pediatric patients. Can J Anaesth 47:205\u2013210","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"key":"2136_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2004.01243.x","volume":"14","author":"S Malviya","year":"2004","unstructured":"Malviya S, Voepel-Lewis T, Tait AR et al (2004) Pentobarbital vs chloral hydrate for sedation of children undergoing MRI: efficacy and recovery characteristics. Paediatr Anaesth 14:589\u2013595","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"2136_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.150.2.377","volume":"150","author":"MJ Diament","year":"1988","unstructured":"Diament MJ, Stanley P (1988) The use of midazolam for sedation of infants and children. AJR 150:377\u2013378","journal-title":"AJR"},{"key":"2136_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/0736-4679(91)90421-B","volume":"9","author":"EA Ramoska","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ramoska EA, Linkenheimer R, Glasgow C (1991) Midazolam use in the emergency department. J Emerg Med 9:247\u2013251","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"2136_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02021697","volume":"25","author":"HT Harcke","year":"1995","unstructured":"Harcke HT, Grissom LE, Meister MA (1995) Sedation in pediatric imaging using intranasal midazolam. Pediatr Radiol 25:341\u2013343","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"2136_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198503000-00017","volume":"62","author":"JG Reves","year":"1985","unstructured":"Reves JG, Fragen RJ, Vinik HR et al (1985) Midazolam: pharmacology and uses. Anesthesiology 62:310\u2013324","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2136_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(05)81219-3","volume":"20","author":"SR Votey","year":"1991","unstructured":"Votey SR, Bosse GM, Bayer MJ et al (1991) Flumazenil: a new benzodiazepine antagonist. Ann Emerg Med 20:181\u2013188","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"2136_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199108000-00002","volume":"75","author":"JB Gross","year":"1991","unstructured":"Gross JB, Weller RS, Conard P (1991) Flumazenil antagonism of midazolam-induced ventilatory depression. Anesthesiology 75:179\u2013185","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2136_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1097\/00006565-199402000-00011","volume":"10","author":"JM Sugarman","year":"1994","unstructured":"Sugarman JM, Paul RI (1994) Flumazenil: a review. Pediatr Emerg Care 10:37\u201343","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"key":"2136_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.1997.tb03657.x","volume":"4","author":"CR Chudnofsky","year":"1997","unstructured":"Chudnofsky CR (1997) Safety and efficacy of flumazenil in reversing conscious sedation in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 4:944\u2013950","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"2136_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2009.03084.x","volume":"19","author":"R Singh","year":"2009","unstructured":"Singh R, Kumar N, Vajifdar H (2009) Midazolam as a sole sedative for computed tomography imaging in pediatric patients. Paediatr Anaesth 19:899\u2013904","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"2136_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2010.188433","volume":"96","author":"A Chiaretti","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chiaretti A, Barone G, Rigante D et al (2011) Intranasal lidocaine and midazolam for procedural sedation in children. Arch Dis Child 96:160\u2013163","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"2136_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.151.5.975","volume":"151","author":"JD Strain","year":"1988","unstructured":"Strain JD, Campbell JB, Harvey LA et al (1988) IV Nembutal: safe sedation for children undergoing CT. AJR 151:975\u2013979","journal-title":"AJR"},{"key":"2136_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02011952","volume":"23","author":"JK Pereira","year":"1993","unstructured":"Pereira JK, Burrows PE, Richards HM et al (1993) Comparison of sedation regimens for pediatric outpatient CT. Pediatr Radiol 23:341\u2013344","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"2136_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2333031872","volume":"233","author":"KP Mason","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mason KP, Zurakowski D, Connor L et al (2004) Infant sedation for MR imaging and CT: oral versus intravenous pentobarbital. Radiology 233:723\u2013728","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2136_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2000.tb00494.x","volume":"7","author":"DM Moro-Sutherland","year":"2000","unstructured":"Moro-Sutherland DM, Algren JT, Louis PT et al (2000) Comparison of intravenous midazolam with pentobarbital for sedation for head computed tomography imaging. Acad Emerg Med 7:1370\u20131375","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"2136_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1E008","volume":"38","author":"J Falk","year":"2004","unstructured":"Falk J, Zed PJ (2004) Etomidate for procedural sedation in the emergency department. Ann Pharmacother 38:1272\u20131277","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"2136_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0b013e3181558d5c","volume":"23","author":"AL Baxter","year":"2007","unstructured":"Baxter AL, Mallory MD, Spandorfer PR et al (2007) Etomidate versus pentobarbital for computed tomography sedations: report from the Pediatric Sedation Research Consortium. Pediatr Emerg Care 23:690\u2013695","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"key":"2136_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pec.0000136065.22328.df","volume":"20","author":"AJ Kienstra","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kienstra AJ, Ward MS, Sasan F et al (2004) Etomidate versus pentobarbital for sedation of children for head and neck CT imaging. Pediatr Emerg Care 20:499\u2013506","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"key":"2136_CR40","unstructured":"Sedation Provider Course Syallabus. Available via http:\/\/www.pedsedation.org\/sections\/sedprovidercourse\/ProviderCourseSyllabus.pdf Accessed 15 Jan 2011"},{"key":"2136_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2009.03.001","volume":"25","author":"CN Sessler","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sessler CN, Pedram S (2009) Protocolized and target-based sedation and analgesia in the ICU. Crit Care Clin 25:489\u2013513","journal-title":"Crit Care Clin"},{"key":"2136_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.12968\/bjon.2001.10.6.5348","volume":"10","author":"J Smith","year":"2001","unstructured":"Smith J, Callaghan L (2001) Development of clinical guidelines for the sedation of children. Br J Nurs 10:376\u2013383","journal-title":"Br J Nurs"},{"key":"2136_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2006.tb01030.x","volume":"13","author":"WK King","year":"2006","unstructured":"King WK, Stockwell JA, DeGuzman MA et al (2006) Evaluation of a pediatric-sedation service for common diagnostic procedures. Acad Emerg Med 13:673\u2013676","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"2136_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2006.11.043","volume":"25","author":"KO Cutler","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cutler KO, Bush AJ, Godambe SA et al (2007) The use of a pediatric emergency medicine-staffed sedation service during imaging: a retrospective analysis. Am J Emerg Med 25:654\u2013661","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"2136_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/S0965-2302(99)80055-1","volume":"7","author":"BK Stephens","year":"1999","unstructured":"Stephens BK, Barkey ME, Hall HR (1999) Techniques to comfort children during stressful procedures. Accid Emerg Nurs 7:226\u2013236","journal-title":"Accid Emerg Nurs"},{"key":"2136_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-003-0900-2","volume":"33","author":"K McGee","year":"2003","unstructured":"McGee K (2003) The role of a child life specialist in a pediatric radiology department. Pediatr Radiol 33:467\u2013474","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"2136_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1945-1474.2009.00035.x","volume":"31","author":"D Etzel-Hardman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Etzel-Hardman D, Kapsin K, Jones S et al (2009) Sedation reduction in a pediatric radiology department. J Healthc Qual 31:34\u201339","journal-title":"J Healthc Qual"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00247-011-2136-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00247-011-2136-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00247-011-2136-x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,14]],"date-time":"2019-06-14T00:15:21Z","timestamp":1560471321000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00247-011-2136-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,17]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]}},"alternative-id":["2136"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00247-011-2136-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-0449","1432-1998"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-0449","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1998","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,17]]}}}