{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T03:09:23Z","timestamp":1784776163722,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]],"date-time":"2021-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611619200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]],"date-time":"2021-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatr Radiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-020-04953-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]],"date-time":"2021-01-26T15:03:07Z","timestamp":1611673387000},"page":"172-188","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Magnetic resonance imaging of the brainstem in children, part 1: imaging techniques, embryology, anatomy and review of congenital conditions"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Asha","family":"Sarma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josh M.","family":"Heck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josephine","family":"Ndolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allen","family":"Newton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4035-0852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sumit","family":"Pruthi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"4953_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.13130531","volume":"270","author":"G Oz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Oz G, Alger JR, Barker PB et al (2014) Clinical proton MR spectroscopy in central nervous system disorders. Radiology 270:658\u2013679","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"4953_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3677","volume":"35","author":"SS Lu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lu SS, Kim SJ, Kim HS et al (2014) Utility of proton MR spectroscopy for differentiating typical and atypical primary central nervous system lymphomas from tumefactive demyelinating lesions. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 35:270\u2013277","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"4953_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-016-3616-9","volume":"46","author":"MT Whitehead","year":"2016","unstructured":"Whitehead MT, Lee B, Gropman A (2016) Lesional perfusion abnormalities in Leigh disease demonstrated by arterial spin labeling correlate with disease activity. Pediatr Radiol 46:1309\u20131316","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"4953_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.02.052","volume":"168","author":"R Sclocco","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sclocco R, Beissner F, Bianciardi M et al (2018) Challenges and opportunities for brainstem neuroimaging with ultrahigh field MRI. Neuroimage 168:412\u2013426","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"4953_CR5","volume-title":"Fundamental and advanced fetal imaging ultrasound and MRI","author":"B Kline-Fath","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kline-Fath B (2015) Fundamental and advanced fetal imaging ultrasound and MRI. Wolters Kluwer Health, Philadelphia"},{"key":"4953_CR6","volume-title":"Netter's atlas of human embryology","author":"L Cochard","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cochard L, Netter F (2002) Netter's atlas of human embryology. Icon Learning Systems, Teterboro"},{"key":"4953_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.006","volume":"31","author":"M Angeles Fernandez-Gil","year":"2010","unstructured":"Angeles Fernandez-Gil M, Palacios-Bote R, Leo-Barahona M et al (2010) Anatomy of the brainstem: a gaze into the stem of life. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 31:196\u2013219","journal-title":"Semin Ultrasound CT MR"},{"key":"4953_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3199","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp247","volume":"132","author":"AJ Barkovich","year":"2009","unstructured":"Barkovich AJ, Millen KJ, Dobyns WB (2009) A developmental and genetic classification for midbrain\u2013hindbrain malformations. Brain 132:3199\u20133230","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"4953_CR9","first-page":"367","volume-title":"Pediatric neuroimaging","author":"A Barkovich","year":"2012","unstructured":"Barkovich A, Raybaud C (2012) Congenital malformations of the brain and skull. In: Barkovich A, Raybaud C (eds) Pediatric neuroimaging. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 367\u2013568"},{"key":"4953_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-014-1431-2","volume":"57","author":"P Jissendi-Tchofo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jissendi-Tchofo P, Severino M, Nguema-Edzang B et al (2015) Update on neuroimaging phenotypes of mid-hindbrain malformations. Neuroradiology 57:113\u2013138","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"4953_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5290.1109","volume":"274","author":"A Lumsden","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lumsden A, Krumlauf R (1996) Patterning the vertebrate neuraxis. Science 274:1109\u20131115","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"4953_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A6088","volume":"40","author":"MJ Hoch","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hoch MJ, Bruno MT, Faustin A et al (2019) 3T MRI whole-brain microscopy discrimination of subcortical anatomy, part 2: basal forebrain. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 40:1095\u20131105","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"4953_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.004","volume":"31","author":"MR Querol-Pascual","year":"2010","unstructured":"Querol-Pascual MR (2010) Clinical approach to brainstem lesions. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 31:220\u2013229","journal-title":"Semin Ultrasound CT MR"},{"key":"4953_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70024-3","volume":"12","author":"D Doherty","year":"2013","unstructured":"Doherty D, Millen KJ, Barkovich AJ (2013) Midbrain and hindbrain malformations: advances in clinical diagnosis, imaging, and genetics. Lancet Neurol 12:381\u2013393","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"4953_CR15","first-page":"1835","volume":"40","author":"C Jandeaux","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jandeaux C, Kuchcinski G, Ternynck C et al (2019) Biometry of the cerebellar vermis and brain stem in children: MR imaging reference data from measurements in 718 children. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 40:1835\u20131841","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"4953_CR16","first-page":"258524","volume":"2012","author":"K Ruchalski","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ruchalski K, Hathout GM (2012) A medley of midbrain maladies: a brief review of midbrain anatomy and syndromology for radiologists. Radiol Res Pract 2012:258524","journal-title":"Radiol Res Pract"},{"key":"4953_CR17","volume-title":"Clinical neuroanatomy for medical students","author":"RS Snell","year":"2001","unstructured":"Snell RS (2001) Clinical neuroanatomy for medical students. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia"},{"key":"4953_CR18","volume-title":"Clinical neuroanatomy","author":"SG Waxman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Waxman SG (2017) Clinical neuroanatomy. McGraw-Hill, New York"},{"key":"4953_CR19","volume-title":"Neuroanatomy: text and atlas","author":"JH Martin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Martin JH (2003) Neuroanatomy: text and atlas. McGraw-Hill, New York"},{"key":"4953_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00598609","volume":"33","author":"E Martin","year":"1991","unstructured":"Martin E, Krassnitzer S, Kaelin P et al (1991) MR imaging of the brainstem: normal postnatal development. Neuroradiology 33:391\u2013395","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"4953_CR21","first-page":"360","volume":"38","author":"K Hittmair","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hittmair K, Kramer J, Rand T et al (1996) Infratentorial brain maturation: a comparison of MRI at 0.5 and 1.5T. Neuroradiology 38:360\u2013366","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"4953_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.3174\/ng.9170233","volume":"7","author":"BW Adams","year":"2017","unstructured":"Adams BW, Saunders D, Currie S et al (2017) \u201cKinks and clefts\u201d: a review of congenital brain stem abnormalities. Neurographics 7:477\u2013485","journal-title":"Neurographics"},{"key":"4953_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.31667","volume":"178","author":"U Moog","year":"2018","unstructured":"Moog U, Dobyns WB (2018) An update on oculocerebrocutaneous (Delleman-Oorthuys) syndrome. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet 178:414\u2013422","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet"},{"key":"4953_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2012.02.032","volume":"46","author":"LI Rudaks","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rudaks LI, Patel S, Barnett CP (2012) Novel clinical features in pontine tegmental cap dysplasia. Pediatr Neurol 46:393\u2013396","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"4953_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1976.45.3.0315","volume":"45","author":"A Adeloye","year":"1976","unstructured":"Adeloye A (1976) Mesencephalic spur (beaking deformity of the tectum) in Arnold-Chiari malformation. J Neurosurg 45:315\u2013320","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"4953_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-004-0948-9","volume":"20","author":"RS Tubbs","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tubbs RS, Soleau S, Custis J et al (2004) Degree of tectal beaking correlates to the presence of nystagmus in children with Chiari II malformation. Childs Nerv Syst 20:459\u2013461","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"4953_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-015-1601-x","volume":"58","author":"M Severino","year":"2016","unstructured":"Severino M, Tortora D, Pistorio A et al (2016) Expanding the spectrum of congenital anomalies of the diencephalic\u2013mesencephalic junction. Neuroradiology 58:33\u201344","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"4953_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A5245","volume":"38","author":"M Severino","year":"2017","unstructured":"Severino M, Righini A, Tortora D et al (2017) MR imaging diagnosis of diencephalic\u2013mesencephalic junction dysplasia in fetuses with developmental ventriculomegaly. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 38:1643\u20131646","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"4953_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.03.005","volume":"26","author":"A Poretti","year":"2016","unstructured":"Poretti A, Boltshauser E, Huisman TA (2016) Cerebellar and brainstem malformations. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 26:341\u2013357","journal-title":"Neuroimaging Clin N Am"},{"key":"4953_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-018-0826-2","volume":"13","author":"T van Dijk","year":"2018","unstructured":"van Dijk T, Baas F, Barth PG, Poll-The BT (2018) What's new in pontocerebellar hypoplasia? An update on genes and subtypes. Orphanet J Rare Dis 13:92","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"key":"4953_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.351140038","volume":"35","author":"T Bosemani","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bosemani T, Orman G, Boltshauser E et al (2015) Congenital abnormalities of the posterior fossa. Radiographics 35:200\u2013220","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"4953_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq287","volume":"134","author":"Y Namavar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Namavar Y, Barth PG, Kasher PR et al (2011) Clinical, neuroradiological and genetic findings in pontocerebellar hypoplasia. Brain 134:143\u2013156","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"4953_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2517","volume":"32","author":"A Poretti","year":"2011","unstructured":"Poretti A, Huisman TA, Scheer I et al (2011) Joubert syndrome and related disorders: spectrum of neuroimaging findings in 75 patients. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 32:1459\u20131463","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"4953_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-6-50","volume":"6","author":"Y Namavar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Namavar Y, Barth PG, Poll-The BT et al (2011) Classification, diagnosis and potential mechanisms in pontocerebellar hypoplasia. Orphanet J Rare Dis 6:50","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"key":"4953_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2016.10.016","volume":"39","author":"Y Fujii","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fujii Y, Aida N, Niwa T et al (2017) A small pons as a characteristic finding in down syndrome: a quantitative MRI study. Brain and Development 39:298\u2013305","journal-title":"Brain and Development"},{"key":"4953_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-5-20","volume":"5","author":"F Brancati","year":"2010","unstructured":"Brancati F, Dallapiccola B, Valente EM (2010) Joubert syndrome and related disorders. Orphanet J Rare Dis 5:20","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"key":"4953_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-6-36","volume":"6","author":"M Briguglio","year":"2011","unstructured":"Briguglio M, Pinelli L, Giordano L et al (2011) Pontine tegmental cap dysplasia: developmental and cognitive outcome in three adolescent patients. Orphanet J Rare Dis 6:36","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"key":"4953_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1305","volume":"30","author":"P Jissendi-Tchofo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jissendi-Tchofo P, Doherty D, McGillivray G et al (2009) Pontine tegmental cap dysplasia: MR imaging and diffusion tensor imaging features of impaired axonal navigation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 30:113\u2013119","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"4953_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2016.04.007","volume":"21","author":"AJ Robinson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Robinson AJ, Ederies MA (2016) Diagnostic imaging of posterior fossa anomalies in the fetus. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 21:312\u2013320","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"4953_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2005.24.12.1697","volume":"24","author":"A Stroustrup Smith","year":"2005","unstructured":"Stroustrup Smith A, Levine D, Barnes PD, Robertson RL (2005) Magnetic resonance imaging of the kinked fetal brain stem: a sign of severe dysgenesis. J Ultrasound Med 24:1697\u20131709","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"4953_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-009-1378-3","volume":"39","author":"C Duffield","year":"2009","unstructured":"Duffield C, Jocson J, Wootton-Gorges SL (2009) Brainstem disconnection. Pediatr Radiol 39:1357\u20131360","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00247-020-04953-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00247-020-04953-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00247-020-04953-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,29]],"date-time":"2022-10-29T15:07:38Z","timestamp":1667056058000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00247-020-04953-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["4953"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00247-020-04953-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-0449","1432-1998"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-0449","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1998","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 April 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 September 2020","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 December 2020","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 January 2021","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"None","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}}]}}