{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T09:29:28Z","timestamp":1793179768924,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,27]],"date-time":"2021-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614384000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,27]],"date-time":"2021-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatr Radiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-021-04981-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,27]],"date-time":"2021-02-27T06:03:03Z","timestamp":1614405783000},"page":"898-910","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Parenchymal brain injuries in abusive head trauma"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Adam J.","family":"Oates","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jai","family":"Sidpra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kshitij","family":"Mankad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"4981_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2013-304267","volume":"98","author":"AG Thomas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Thomas AG, Hegde V, Dineen RA et al (2013) Patterns of accidental craniocerebral injury occurring in early childhood. Arch Dis Child 98:787\u2013792","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"4981_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2014-306803","volume":"101","author":"J Hughes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hughes J, Maguire S, Jones M (2016) Biomechanical characteristics of head injuries from falls in children younger than 48 months. Arch Dis Child 101:310\u2013315","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"4981_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2011-300630","volume":"96","author":"AM Kemp","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kemp AM, Jaspan T, Griffiths J et al (2011) Neuroimaging: what neuroradiological features distinguish abusive from non-abusive head trauma? A systematic review. Arch Dis Child 96:1103\u20131012","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"4981_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-014-2959-3","volume":"44","author":"AK Choudhary","year":"2014","unstructured":"Choudhary AK, Ishak R, Zacharia TT et al (2014) Imaging of spinal injury in abusive head trauma: a retrospective study. Pediatr Radiol 44:1130\u20131140","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"4981_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511862366.028","volume-title":"Diagnostic imaging in child abuse","author":"PE Grant","year":"2015","unstructured":"Grant PE (2015) Abusive head trauma: parenchymal injury. In: Kleinman P (ed) Diagnostic imaging in child abuse, 3rd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 453\u2013486","edition":"3"},{"key":"4981_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-007-0754-4","volume":"12","author":"K Blomgren","year":"2007","unstructured":"Blomgren K, Leist M, Groc L (2007) Pathological apoptosis in the developing brain. Apoptosis 12:993\u20131010","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"4981_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-3647","volume":"126","author":"C Adamsbaum","year":"2010","unstructured":"Adamsbaum C, Grabar S, Mejean N et al (2010) Abusive head trauma (AHT): judicial admissions highlight violent and repetitive shaking. Pediatrics 126:546\u2013555","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"4981_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-019-0082-3","volume":"15","author":"MEM Vester","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vester MEM, Bilo RAC, Loeve AJ et al (2019) Modelling of inflicted head injury by shaking trauma in children: what can we learn? Part I: a systematic review of animal models. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 15:408\u2013422","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"key":"4981_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-019-00093-7","volume":"15","author":"JP van Zandwijk","year":"2019","unstructured":"van Zandwijk JP, Vester MEM, Bilo RA et al (2019) Modelling of inflicted head injury by shaking trauma in children: what can we learn? Part II: a systematic review of mathematical and physical models. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 15:423\u2013436","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"key":"4981_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.12555","volume":"28","author":"E Orru","year":"2018","unstructured":"Orru E, Huisman TAGM, Izbudak I (2018) Prevalence, patterns, and clinical relevance of hypoxic-ischemic injuries in children exposed to abusive head trauma. J Neuroimaging 28:608\u2013614","journal-title":"J Neuroimaging"},{"key":"4981_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4519","volume":"37","author":"LA Palifka","year":"2016","unstructured":"Palifka LA, Frasier LD, Metzger RR et al (2016) Parenchymal brain laceration as a predictor of abusive head trauma. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 37:163\u2013168","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"4981_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.7.PEDS18394","volume":"24","author":"AC Duhaime","year":"2019","unstructured":"Duhaime AC, Christian CW (2019) Abusive head trauma: evidence, obfuscation, and informed management. J Neurosurg Pediatr 24:481\u2013488","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"4981_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1097\/RMR.0000000000000169","volume":"27","author":"SR Teixeira","year":"2018","unstructured":"Teixeira SR, Gon\u00e7alves FG, Servin CA et al (2018) Ocular and intracranial MR imaging findings in abusive head trauma. Top Magn Reson Imaging 27:503\u2013514","journal-title":"Top Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"4981_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-012-1864-z","volume":"28","author":"AL L\u00f3pez-Guerrero","year":"2012","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Guerrero AL, Mart\u00ednez-Lage JF, Gonz\u00e1lez-Tortosa et al (2012) Pediatric crushing head injury: biomechanics and clinical features of an uncommon type of craniocerebral trauma. Childs Nerv Syst 28:2033\u20132040","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"4981_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.7.1290","volume":"124","author":"JF Geddes","year":"2001","unstructured":"Geddes JF, Hackshaw AK, Vowles GH et al (2001) Neuropathology of inflicted head injury in children. I. Patterns of brain damage. Brain 124:1290\u20131298","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"4981_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02019848","volume":"22","author":"T Jaspan","year":"1992","unstructured":"Jaspan T, Narborough G, Punt JA et al (1992) Cerebral contusional tears as a marker of a child abuse: detection by cranial sonography. Pediatr Radiol 22:237\u2013225","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"4981_CR17","first-page":"23","volume":"63","author":"E Freytag","year":"1957","unstructured":"Freytag E, Lindenberg R (1957) Morphology of cortical contusions. AMA Arch Pathol 63:23\u201342","journal-title":"AMA Arch Pathol"},{"key":"4981_CR18","first-page":"298","volume":"87","author":"R Lindenberg","year":"1969","unstructured":"Lindenberg R, Freytag E (1969) Morphology of brain lesions from blunt trauma in early infancy. Arch Pathol 87:298\u2013305","journal-title":"Arch Pathol"},{"key":"4981_CR19","unstructured":"Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (2019) Child protection evidence: systematic review on head and spinal injuries. Online document. https:\/\/www.rcpch.ac.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/2019-08\/child_protection_evidence_-_head_and_spinal_injuries_0.pdf. Accessed 16 Sept 2020"},{"key":"4981_CR20","first-page":"228","volume":"36","author":"CC Giza","year":"2014","unstructured":"Giza CC, Hovda DA (2014) The new neurometabolic cascade of concussion. Neurosurgery 36:228\u2013235","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"4981_CR21","unstructured":"Society & College of Radiographers, Royal College of Radiologists (2018) The radiological investigation of suspected physical abuse in children: revised first edition. Online document. https:\/\/www.rcr.ac.uk\/system\/files\/publication\/field_publication_files\/bfcr174_suspected_physical_abuse.pdf. Accessed 16 Sept 2020"},{"key":"4981_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s10140-010-0877-8","volume":"17","author":"T Sanchez","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sanchez T, Stewart D, Walvick M et al (2010) Skull fracture vs. accessory sutures: how can we tell the difference? Emerg Radiol 17:413\u2013418","journal-title":"Emerg Radiol"},{"key":"4981_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-002-0887-7","volume":"45","author":"N Siskas","year":"2003","unstructured":"Siskas N, Lefkopoulos A, Ioannidis I et al (2003) Cortical laminar necrosis in brain infarcts: serial MRI. Neuroradiology 45:283\u2013288","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"4981_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-018-4149-1","volume":"48","author":"AK Choudhary","year":"2018","unstructured":"Choudhary AK, Servaes S, Slovis TL et al (2018) Consensus statement on abusive head trauma in infants and young children. Pediatr Radiol 48:1048\u20131065","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"4981_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.12670","volume":"30","author":"G Orman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Orman G, Kralik SF, Meoded A et al (2020) MRI findings in pediatric abusive head trauma: a review. J Neuroimaging 30:15\u201327","journal-title":"J Neuroimaging"},{"key":"4981_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-014-1060-7","volume":"129","author":"J Matschke","year":"2015","unstructured":"Matschke J, B\u00fcttner A, Bergmann M et al (2015) Encephalopathy and death in infants with abusive head trauma is due to hypoxic-ischemic injury following local brain trauma to vital brainstem centers. Int J Legal Med 129:105\u2013114","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"4981_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2006.0087","volume":"24","author":"RN Ichord","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ichord RN, Naim M, Pollack AN et al (2007) Hypoxic-ischemic injury complicates inflicted and accidental traumatic brain injury in young children: the role of diffusion-weighted imaging. J Neurotrauma 24:106\u2013118","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"4981_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-1545","volume":"130","author":"SJ Piteau","year":"2012","unstructured":"Piteau SJ, Ward MGK, Barrowman NJ et al (2012) Clinical and radiographic characteristics associated with abusive and non-abusive head trauma: a systematic review. Pediatrics 130:315\u2013325","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"4981_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2990.2003.00434.x","volume":"29","author":"JF Geddes","year":"2003","unstructured":"Geddes JF, Tasker RC, Kachshaw AK et al (2003) Dural haemorrhage in non-traumatic infant deaths: does it explain the bleeding in \u2018shaken baby syndrome\u2019? Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 29:14\u201322","journal-title":"Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol"},{"key":"4981_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.7.1299","volume":"124","author":"JF Geddes","year":"2001","unstructured":"Geddes JF, Vowles GH, Hackshaw AK et al (2001) Neuropathology of inflicted head injury in children. II. Microscopic brain injury in infants. Brain 124:1299\u20131306","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"4981_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511862366","volume-title":"Diagnostic imaging of child abuse","author":"PK Kleinman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kleinman PK (2015) Diagnostic imaging of child abuse, 3rd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge","edition":"3"},{"key":"4981_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2007.03.026","volume":"260","author":"H Ammermann","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ammermann H, Kassubek J, Lotze M et al (2007) MRI brain lesion patterns in patients in anoxia-induced vegetative state. J Neurol Sci 260:65\u201370","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"4981_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.163.2.3562816","volume":"163","author":"CR Bird","year":"1987","unstructured":"Bird CR, McMahan JR, Gilles FH et al (1987) Strangulation in child abuse: CT diagnosis. Radiology 163:373\u2013375","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"4981_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1991.00530200113030","volume":"48","author":"A Hori","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hori A, Hirose G, Kataoka S et al (1991) Delayed postanoxic encephalopathy after strangulation. Serial neuroradiological and neurochemical studies. Arch Neurol 48:871\u2013874","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"4981_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-013-2930-z","volume":"39","author":"M Oualha","year":"2013","unstructured":"Oualha M, Gatterre P, Boddaert N et al (2013) Early diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in children after cardiac arrest may provide valuable prognostic information on clinical outcome. Intensive Care Med 39:1306\u20131312","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"4981_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2010.01.005","volume":"17","author":"PD Barnes","year":"2010","unstructured":"Barnes PD, Galaznik J, Gardner H et al (2010) Infant acute life-threatening event \u2014 dysphagic choking versus nonaccidental injury. Semin Pediatr Neurol 17:7\u201311","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"4981_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.04.028","volume":"67","author":"DG Talbert","year":"2006","unstructured":"Talbert DG (2006) Dysphagia as a risk factor for sudden unexplained death in infancy. Med Hypotheses 67:786\u2013791","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"4981_CR38","first-page":"518","volume":"118","author":"CC Watts","year":"1969","unstructured":"Watts CC, Acosta C (1969) Pertussis and bilateral subdural hematomas. Am J Dis Child 118:518\u2013519","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"4981_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S39","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000160911.65632.e1","volume":"24","author":"DP Greenberg","year":"2005","unstructured":"Greenberg DP, von Konig CH, Heininger U (2005) Health burden of pertussis in infants and children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 24:S39\u2013S43","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"4981_CR40","first-page":"33","volume":"35","author":"FA Edwards","year":"2015","unstructured":"Edwards FA (2015) Mimics of child abuse: can choking explain abusive head trauma? J Forensic Sci Med 35:33\u201337","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci Med"},{"key":"4981_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greeley CS (2010) Infant fatality. Semin Pediatr Neurol 17:275\u2013278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2010.09.001"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00247-021-04981-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00247-021-04981-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00247-021-04981-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]],"date-time":"2021-05-17T06:06:03Z","timestamp":1621231563000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00247-021-04981-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,27]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["4981"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00247-021-04981-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-0449","1432-1998"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-0449","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1998","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 July 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 October 2020","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 December 2020","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 February 2021","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"None","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}}]}}