{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T10:30:40Z","timestamp":1782901840350,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]],"date-time":"2022-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657843200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]],"date-time":"2022-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Leipzig"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatr Radiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Real-time magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based on a fast low-angle shot technique 2.0 (FLASH 2.0) is highly effective against artifacts caused due to the bulk and pulmonary and cardiac motions of the patient. However, to date, there are no reports on the application of this innovative technique to pediatric lung MRI.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study aimed to identify the limits of resolution and image quality of real-time lung MRI in children and to assess the types and minimal size of lesions with these new sequences.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In this retrospective study, pathological lung findings in 87 children were classified into 6 subgroups, as detected on conventional MRI: metastases and tumors, consolidation, scars, hyperinflation, interstitial pathology and bronchiectasis. Subsequently, the findings were grouped according to size (4\u20136\u00a0mm, 7\u20139\u00a0mm and \u2265\u200910\u00a0mm) and evaluated for visual delineation of the findings (0\u2009=\u2009not visible, 1\u2009=\u2009hardly visible and 2\u2009=\u2009well visualized).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Real-time MRI allows for diagnostic, artifact-free thorax images to be obtained, regardless of patient movements. The delineation of findings strongly correlates with the size of the pathology. Metastases, consolidation and scars were visible at 100% when larger than 9\u00a0mm. In the 7\u20139\u00a0mm subgroup, the visibility was 83% for metastases, 88% for consolidation and 100% for scars in T2\/T1 weighting. Though often visible, smaller pathological lesions of 4\u20136\u00a0mm in size did not regularly meet the expected diagnostic confidence: The visibility of metastases was 18%, consolidation was 64% and scars was 71%. Diffuse interstitial lung changes and hyperinflation, known as \u201cMR-minus pathologies,\u201d were not accessible to real-time MRI.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The method provides motion robust images of the lung and thorax. However, the lower sensitivity for small lung lesions is a major limitation for routine use of this technique. Currently, the method is adequate for diagnosing inflammatory lung diseases, atelectasis, effusions and lung scarring in children with irregular breathing patterns or bulk motion on sedation-free MRI. A medium-term goal is to improve the diagnostic accuracy of small nodules and interstitial lesions.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-022-05421-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]],"date-time":"2022-07-15T01:02:43Z","timestamp":1657846963000},"page":"12-20","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Chest examinations in children with real-time magnetic resonance imaging: first clinical experience"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0960-3740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franz Wolfgang","family":"Hirsch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ina","family":"Sorge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0058-2157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dirk","family":"Voit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8279-884X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jens","family":"Frahm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2838-593X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Freerk","family":"Prenzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2701-8692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robin","family":"Wachowiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Anders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6080-9993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Roth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7680-0990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Gr\u00e4fe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"5421_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-015-3420-y","volume":"45","author":"P Ciet","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ciet P, Tiddens HA, Wielopolski PA et al (2015) Magnetic resonance imaging in children: common problems and possible solutions for lung and airways imaging. 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