{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T16:55:00Z","timestamp":1790787300102,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]],"date-time":"2022-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672185600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]],"date-time":"2022-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"High-level Key Clinical Specialty project of Guangdong Provincial Health Commission","award":["SZGSP012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SZGSP012"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology program","award":["JCYJ20210324123610028, KCXFZ20201221173400002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20210324123610028, KCXFZ20201221173400002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatr Radiol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The applicability and accuracy of artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted bone age assessment and adult height prediction methods in girls with early puberty are unknown.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To analyze the performance of AI-assisted bone age assessment methods by comparing the corresponding methods for predicted adult height with actual adult height.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This retrospective review included 726 girls with early puberty, 87 of whom had reached adult height at last follow-up. Bone age was evaluated using the Greulich\u2013Pyle (GP), Tanner\u2013Whitehouse (TW3\u2013RUS) and China 05 RUS\u2013CHN (RUS-CHN) methods. Predicted adult height was calculated using the China 05 (CH05), TW3 and Bayley\u2013Pinneau (BP) methods.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We analyzed 1,663 left-hand radiographs, including 155 from girls who had reached adult height. In the 6\u20138- and 9\u201311-years age groups, bone age differences were smaller than those in the 12\u201314-years group; however, the differences between predicted adult height and actual adult height were larger than those in the 12\u201314-years group. TW3 overestimated adult height by 0.4\u00b12.8\u00a0cm, while CH05 and BP significantly underestimated adult height by 2.9\u00b13.6\u00a0cm and 1.3\u00b13.8\u00a0cm, respectively. TW3 yielded the highest proportion of predicted adult height within \u00b15\u00a0cm of actual adult height (92.9%), with the highest correlation between predicted and actual adult heights.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The differences in measured bone ages increased with increasing bone age. However, the corresponding method for predicting adult height was more accurate when the bone age was older. TW3 might be more suitable than CH05 and BP for predicting adult height in girls with early puberty. Methods for predicting adult height should be optimized for populations of the same ethnicity and disease.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-022-05569-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]],"date-time":"2022-12-28T08:02:54Z","timestamp":1672214574000},"page":"1108-1116","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Combined assisted bone age assessment and adult height prediction methods in Chinese girls with early puberty: analysis of three artificial intelligence systems"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Shurong","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4101-8429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhe","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuangyi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinfeng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiru","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiping","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanhua","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"5569_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1053\/beem.2001.0187","volume":"16","author":"D Mul","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mul D, Oostdijk W, Drop SLS (2002) Early puberty in girls. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 16:153\u2013163","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"5569_CR2","first-page":"669","volume":"26","author":"Pubertal Study Group of the Subspecialty Group of Endocrinologic, Hereditary and Metabolic Diseases, Society of Pediatrics, Chinese Medical Association","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pubertal Study Group of the Subspecialty Group of Endocrinologic, Hereditary and Metabolic Diseases, Society of Pediatrics, Chinese Medical Association (2010) Secondary sexual characteristics and menses in urban Chinese girls. Chin J Endocrinol Meta 26:669\u2013675","journal-title":"Chin J Endocrinol Meta"},{"key":"5569_CR3","first-page":"456","volume":"28","author":"L Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang L, Su Z, Wang Q et al (2020) Survey of pubertal development among 6- to 16-year-old children in Shenzhen. Chin J Child Health Care 28:456\u2013459","journal-title":"Chin J Child Health Care"},{"key":"5569_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e195881","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.5881","volume":"174","author":"C Eckert-Lind","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eckert-Lind C, Busch AS, Petersen JH et al (2020) Worldwide secular trends in age at pubertal onset assessed by breast development among girls: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr 174:e195881","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"5569_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.86.5.320","volume":"86","author":"E O\u2019Sullivan","year":"2002","unstructured":"O\u2019Sullivan E, O\u2019Sullivan M (2002) Precocious puberty: a parent\u2019s perspective. Arch Dis Child 86:320\u2013321","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"5569_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6765","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17186765","volume":"17","author":"PH Su","year":"2020","unstructured":"Su PH, Huang JY, Li CS, Chang HP (2020) The age distribution among children seeking medical treatment for precocious puberty in Taiwan. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17:6765","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"5569_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2020.11.020","volume":"34","author":"Y Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen Y, Liu J (2021) Do most 7- to 8-year-old girls with early puberty require extensive investigation and treatment? J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 34:124\u2013129","journal-title":"J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol"},{"key":"5569_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2012.08.003","volume":"41","author":"L Lazar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lazar L, Phillip M (2012) Pubertal disorders and bone maturation. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am 41:805\u2013825","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am"},{"key":"5569_CR9","volume-title":"Assessment of skeletal maturity and prediction of adult height \u2014 TW3 method","author":"JM Tanner","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tanner JM, Healy MJR, Goldstein H, Cameron N (2001) Assessment of skeletal maturity and prediction of adult height \u2014 TW3 method, 3rd edn. W. B. Saunders, London","edition":"3"},{"key":"5569_CR10","volume-title":"Radiographic atlas of skeletal development of the hand and wrist","author":"WW Greulich","year":"1959","unstructured":"Greulich WW, Pyle SI (1959) Radiographic atlas of skeletal development of the hand and wrist, 2nd edn. Stanford University Press, Stanford","edition":"2"},{"key":"5569_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20171486","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-1486","volume":"140","author":"AL Creo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Creo AL, Schwenk WF (2017) Bone age: a handy tool for pediatric providers. Pediatrics 140:e20171486","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"5569_CR12","volume-title":"The standards of skeletal age in hand and wrist for Chinese-China 05 and its applications","author":"Z Shaoyan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shaoyan Z (2015) The standards of skeletal age in hand and wrist for Chinese-China 05 and its applications, 1st edn. Science Press, Peking","edition":"1"},{"key":"5569_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1080\/03014460801953781","volume":"35","author":"SY Zhang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zhang SY, Liu LJ, Wu ZL et al (2008) Standards of TW3 skeletal maturity for Chinese children. Ann Hum Biol 35:349\u2013354","journal-title":"Ann Hum Biol"},{"key":"5569_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(52)80205-7","volume":"40","author":"N Bayley","year":"1952","unstructured":"Bayley N, Pinneau SR (1952) Tables for predicting adult height from skeletal age: revised for use with the Greulich-Pyle hand standards. J Pediatr 40:423\u2013441","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"5569_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2012-0213","volume":"26","author":"CW Hsieh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hsieh CW, Liu TC, Jong TL, Tiu CM (2013) Long-term secular trend of skeletal maturation of Taiwanese children between agricultural (1960s) and contemporary (after 2000s) generations using the Tanner-Whitehouse 3 (TW3) method. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 26:231\u2013237","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"5569_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuv105","volume":"74","author":"JM Perkins","year":"2016","unstructured":"Perkins JM, Subramanian SV, Davey Smith G, \u00d6zaltin E (2016) Adult height, nutrition, and population health. Nutr Rev 74:149\u2013165","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"5569_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-18-0043","volume":"7","author":"F Rohani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rohani F, Alai MR, Moradi S, Amirkashani D (2018) Evaluation of near final height in boys with constitutional delay in growth and puberty. Endocr Connect 7:456\u2013459","journal-title":"Endocr Connect"},{"key":"5569_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2011.08.009","volume":"160","author":"T Oron","year":"2012","unstructured":"Oron T, Lebenthal Y, de Vries L et al (2012) Interrelationship of extent of precocious adrenarche in appropriate for gestational age girls with clinical outcome. J Pediatr 160:308\u2013313","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"5569_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1080\/07435800.2021.1916029","volume":"46","author":"\u0130M Erba\u015f","year":"2021","unstructured":"Erba\u015f \u0130M, \u00d6lmez Z, Paket\u00e7i A et al (2021) Comparison of the effectiveness of adult height prediction methods in children with growth hormone deficiency. Endocr Res 46:140\u2013147","journal-title":"Endocr Res"},{"key":"5569_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-20-0090","volume":"9","author":"T Reinehr","year":"2020","unstructured":"Reinehr T, Carlsson M, Chrysis D, Camacho-H\u00fcbner C (2020) Adult height prediction by bone age determination in children with isolated growth hormone deficiency. Endocr Connect 9:370\u2013378","journal-title":"Endocr Connect"},{"key":"5569_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-17-1025","volume":"179","author":"A German","year":"2018","unstructured":"German A, Shmoish M, Belsky J, Hochberg Z (2018) Outcomes of pubertal development in girls as a function of pubertal onset age. Eur J Endocrinol 179:279\u2013285","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"5569_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.4274\/jcrpe.galenos.2020.2020.0091","volume":"13","author":"M Prokop-Piotrkowska","year":"2021","unstructured":"Prokop-Piotrkowska M, Marsza\u0142ek-Dziuba K, Moszczy\u0144ska E et al (2021) Traditional and new methods of bone age assessment \u2014 an overview. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 13:251\u2013262","journal-title":"J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol"},{"key":"5569_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s41747-019-0139-9","volume":"4","author":"C Booz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Booz C, Yel I, Wichmann JL et al (2020) Artificial intelligence in bone age assessment: accuracy and efficiency of a novel fully automated algorithm compared to the Greulich-Pyle method. Eur Radiol Exp 4:6","journal-title":"Eur Radiol Exp"},{"key":"5569_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-022-05295-w","volume":"52","author":"HH Thodberg","year":"2022","unstructured":"Thodberg HH, Thodberg B, Ahlkvist J, Offiah AC (2022) Autonomous artificial intelligence in pediatric radiology: the use and perception of BoneXpert for bone age assessment. Pediatr Radiol 52:1338\u20131346","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"5569_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-022-05310-0","volume":"52","author":"JJ Bowden","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bowden JJ, Bowden SA, Ruess L et al (2022) Validation of automated bone age analysis from hand radiographs in a north American pediatric population. Pediatr Radiol 52:1347\u20131355","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"5569_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8854","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.8854","volume":"8","author":"F Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang F, Gu X, Chen S et al (2020) Artificial intelligence system can achieve comparable results to experts for bone age assessment of Chinese children with abnormal growth and development. PeerJ 8:e8854","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"5569_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.21037\/qims.2020.02.20","volume":"10","author":"XL Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou XL, Wang EG, Lin Q et al (2020) Diagnostic performance of convolutional neural network-based Tanner-Whitehouse 3 bone age assessment system. Quant Imaging Med Surg 10:657\u2013667","journal-title":"Quant Imaging Med Surg"},{"key":"5569_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1002\/kjm2.12268","volume":"36","author":"YM Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang YM, Tsai TH, Hsu JS et al (2020) Automatic assessment of bone age in Taiwanese children: a comparison of the Greulich and Pyle method and the Tanner and Whitehouse 3 method. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 36:937\u2013943","journal-title":"Kaohsiung J Med Sci"},{"key":"5569_CR29","first-page":"75","volume":"41","author":"L Yao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yao L (2018) Comparative study of three common digital radiograph bone age evaluation criteria. J Beijing Sport Univ 41:75\u201381","journal-title":"J Beijing Sport Univ"},{"key":"5569_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2493080468","volume":"250","author":"A Zhang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zhang A, Sayre JW, Vachon L et al (2009) Racial differences in growth patterns of children assessed on the basis of bone age. Radiology 250:228\u2013235","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"5569_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcs230","volume":"106","author":"SM Ostojic","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ostojic SM (2013) Prediction of adult height by Tanner-Whitehouse method in young Caucasian male athletes. QJM 106:341\u2013345","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"5569_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0120588","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120588","volume":"10","author":"E Giabicani","year":"2015","unstructured":"Giabicani E, Lemaire P, Brauner R (2015) Models for predicting the adult height and age at first menstruation of girls with idiopathic central precocious puberty. PLoS One 10:e0120588","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"5569_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2700","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab093","volume":"106","author":"M Shmoish","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shmoish M, German A, Devir N et al (2021) Prediction of adult height by machine learning technique. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 106:e2700\u2013e2710","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00247-022-05569-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00247-022-05569-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00247-022-05569-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T05:02:44Z","timestamp":1684990964000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00247-022-05569-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["5569"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00247-022-05569-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-1998"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-1998","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 August 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 November 2022","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 December 2022","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 December 2022","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"None","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}}]}}