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However, non-haemorrhagic, fluid-appearing subdural collections (also called hygromas) may also be the result of abuse. Subdural collections have also been uncommonly observed in patients with benign enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces (BESS) and a few large-scale studies accurately investigate the incidence and the significance. Currently, there is a wide variation of practices in children with BESS and subdural collections. Due to the social risks associated with abuse evaluation and the perceived risk of radiation exposure, there might be a reluctance to fully evaluate these children in some centres. The diagnosis of physical abuse cannot be substantiated nor safely excluded in infants with BESS and subdural collection(s), without investigation for concomitant traumatic findings. The exact prevalence of occult injuries and abuse in these infants is unknown. In macrocephalic infants with subdural collections and imaging features of BESS, thorough investigations for abuse are warranted and paediatricians should consider performing full skeletal surveys even when fundoscopy, social work consult, and detailed clinical evaluation are unremarkable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-023-05611-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T06:04:01Z","timestamp":1677650641000},"page":"752-767","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Benign enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces and subdural collections\u2014when to evaluate for abuse"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5281-475X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Raissaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1067-0529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine","family":"Adamsbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7236-3706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria I.","family":"Argyropoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2338-5906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arabinda K.","family":"Choudhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0184-9877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annmarie","family":"Jeanes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5979-9337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kshitij","family":"Mankad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3337-2639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00e8s","family":"Mannes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8876-6515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rick R.","family":"Van Rijn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8991-5036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amaka C.","family":"Offiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"5611_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2017.04.018","volume":"73","author":"US Wiig","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wiig US, Zahl SM, Egge A et al (2017) Epidemiology of benign external hydrocephalus in Norway-a population-based study. 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