{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T21:24:44Z","timestamp":1792877084220,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754870400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"SNUH Lee Kun-hee Child Cancer & Rare Disease Project","award":["238-003-0200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["238-003-0200"]}]},{"name":"SNUH Lee Kun-hee Child Cancer & Rare Disease Project","award":["238-003-0200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["238-003-0200"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004332","name":"Seoul National University Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004332","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatr Radiol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is a notable cause of acquired central nervous system inflammatory disorders in children.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study aimed to characterize the neuroimaging spectrum of pediatric MOGAD with brain involvement.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In this retrospective, single-center study, 55 children diagnosed with MOGAD involving the brain between January 2010 and October 2020 were included. Clinical data and neuroimaging\u2014brain and spinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at presentation\u2014were reviewed. Imaging patterns were categorized into six radiologic phenotypes: acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), cerebral cortical encephalitis, aseptic meningitis, tumefactive demyelinating lesion, cerebellitis\/brainstem encephalitis, and miscellaneous. Imaging features were further analyzed in the ADEM subgroup.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>ADEM was the most common phenotype (39 of 55 patients, 71%), though atypical features were frequent, with 62% showing at least one atypical MRI finding. Unlike classic ADEM with large confluent white matter lesions, MOGAD-associated ADEM often showed small (31%) or subcortical (44%) white matter lesions. Spinal lesions typically appeared as longitudinally extensive myelitis with central gray matter involvement. Other phenotypes included cortical encephalitis (three patients), aseptic meningitis (six), tumefactive demyelinating lesions (three), cerebellitis\/brainstem encephalitis (two), and two miscellaneous patterns. Non-ADEM phenotypes presented at an older age than ADEM (11.5\u00a0years vs. 5.2\u00a0years, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01), with a threshold of 7.6\u00a0years.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Pediatric MOGAD with brain involvement presents a range of imaging patterns. ADEM is most frequent but often displays atypical features. Non-ADEM phenotypes tend to occur in older children.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-025-06342-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T08:40:58Z","timestamp":1754901658000},"page":"2115-2126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Neuroimaging spectrum of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease with brain involvement: description of various cerebral syndromes"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Young Hun","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woo Joong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Byung Chan","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Il Han","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeon Jin","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seunghyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae-Yeon","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung-Eun","family":"Cheon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"6342_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.15174","volume":"64","author":"JY Han","year":"2022","unstructured":"Han JY, Kim SY, Kim H et al (2022) Clinico-radiological characteristics of anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated autoimmune encephalitis in children. Dev Med Child Neurol 64:998\u20131007","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"6342_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2020.16.3.461","volume":"16","author":"IH Yoo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yoo IH, Kim W, Shim Y et al (2020) Clinical spectrum of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-immunoglobulin G-associated disease in Korean children. J Clin Neurol 16:461\u2013469","journal-title":"J Clin Neurol"},{"key":"6342_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2022.11.008","volume":"139","author":"H Woo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Woo H, Shim Y, Chae JH et al (2023) Seizure evolution and outcome in pediatric autoimmune encephalitis. Pediatr Neurol 139:35\u201342","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"6342_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30488-0","volume":"19","author":"T Armangue","year":"2020","unstructured":"Armangue T, Olive-Cirera G, Martinez-Hernandez E et al (2020) Associations of paediatric demyelinating and encephalitic syndromes with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies: a multicentre observational study. Lancet Neurol 19:234\u2013246","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"6342_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2020.10.006","volume":"29","author":"AL Bruijstens","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bruijstens AL, Lechner C, Flet-Berliac L et al (2020) E.U. paediatric MOG consortium consensus: part 1 - classification of clinical phenotypes of paediatric myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disorders. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 29:2\u201313","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"key":"6342_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0112-x","volume":"15","author":"M Reindl","year":"2019","unstructured":"Reindl M, Waters P (2019) Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies in neurological disease. Nat Rev Neurol 15:89\u2013102","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"6342_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000731","author":"A Wegener-Panzer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wegener-Panzer A, Cleaveland R, Wendel EM et al (2020) Clinical and imaging features of children with autoimmune encephalitis and MOG antibodies. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000731","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"6342_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.850743","volume":"14","author":"Y Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li Y, Liu X, Wang J et al (2022) Clinical features and imaging findings of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-IgG-associated disorder (MOGAD). Front Aging Neurosci 14:850743","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"6342_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2020.10.002","volume":"29","author":"M Baumann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Baumann M, Bartels F, Finke C et al (2020) E.U. paediatric MOG consortium consensus: part 2 - neuroimaging features of paediatric myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disorders. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 29:14\u201321","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"key":"6342_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2020.11.001","volume":"29","author":"T Armangue","year":"2020","unstructured":"Armangue T, Capobianco M, de Chalus A et al (2020) E.U. paediatric MOG consortium consensus: Part 3 - biomarkers of paediatric myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disorders. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 29:22\u201331","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"key":"6342_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2020.10.007","volume":"29","author":"AL Bruijstens","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bruijstens AL, Breu M, Wendel EM et al (2020) E.U. paediatric MOG consortium consensus: part 4 - outcome of paediatric myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disorders. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 29:32\u201340","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"key":"6342_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2020.10.005","volume":"29","author":"AL Bruijstens","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bruijstens AL, Wendel EM, Lechner C et al (2020) E.U. paediatric MOG consortium consensus: part 5 - treatment of paediatric myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disorders. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 29:41\u201353","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"key":"6342_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00431-8","volume":"22","author":"B Banwell","year":"2023","unstructured":"Banwell B, Bennett JL, Marignier R et al (2023) Diagnosis of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease: International MOGAD panel proposed criteria. Lancet Neurol 22:268\u2013282","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"6342_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e225","DOI":"10.1002\/ctd2.225","volume":"3","author":"E-C Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li E-C, Lai Q-L, Cai M-T et al (2023) Criteria for myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease: balancing underdiagnosis with overdiagnosis. Clin Transl Discov 3:e225","journal-title":"Clin Transl Discov"},{"key":"6342_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2024.103693","volume":"24","author":"BP Trewin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Trewin BP, Brilot F, Reddel SW et al (2025) MOGAD: a comprehensive review of clinicoradiological features, therapy and outcomes in 4699 patients globally. Autoimmun Rev 24:103693","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"6342_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-024-03058-x","volume":"96","author":"XY Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang XY, Jiang Y, Wu P et al (2024) Less common phenotypes of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-related diseases in children deserve more attention. Pediatr Res 96:731\u2013739","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"6342_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458519845112","volume":"26","author":"CL de Mol","year":"2020","unstructured":"de Mol CL, Wong Y, van Pelt ED et al (2020) The clinical spectrum and incidence of anti-MOG-associated acquired demyelinating syndromes in children and adults. Mult Scler 26:806\u2013814","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"6342_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000322","volume":"4","author":"R Ogawa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ogawa R, Nakashima I, Takahashi T et al (2017) MOG antibody-positive, benign, unilateral, cerebral cortical encephalitis with epilepsy. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 4:e322","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"6342_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.101939","volume":"40","author":"Y Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim Y, Hyun JW, Woodhall MR et al (2020) Refining cell-based assay to detect MOG-IgG in patients with central nervous system inflammatory diseases. Mult Scler Relat Disord 40:101939","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"6342_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000663","author":"T Cellucci","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cellucci T, Van Mater H, Graus F, Muscal E et al (2020) Clinical approach to the diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis in the pediatric patient. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000663","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"6342_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13649","volume":"60","author":"Y Hacohen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hacohen Y, Rossor T, Mankad K et al (2018) \u2018Leukodystrophy-like\u2019 phenotype in children with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease. Dev Med Child Neurol 60:417\u2013423","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"6342_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh218","volume":"127","author":"Y Mikaeloff","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mikaeloff Y, Adamsbaum C, Husson B et al (2004) MRI prognostic factors for relapse after acute CNS inflammatory demyelination in childhood. Brain 127:1942\u20131947","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"6342_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513484547","volume":"19","author":"LB Krupp","year":"2013","unstructured":"Krupp LB, Tardieu M, Amato MP et al (2013) International pediatric multiple sclerosis study group criteria for pediatric multiple sclerosis and immune-mediated central nervous system demyelinating disorders: revisions to the 2007 definitions. Mult Scler 19:1261\u20131267","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"6342_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2014-308346","volume":"86","author":"M Baumann","year":"2015","unstructured":"Baumann M, Sahin K, Lechner C et al (2015) Clinical and neuroradiological differences of paediatric acute disseminating encephalomyelitis with and without antibodies to the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 86:265\u2013272","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"6342_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101500","volume":"38","author":"H Uchigami","year":"2020","unstructured":"Uchigami H, Arai N, Sekiguchi M et al (2020) Anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-positive acute disseminated encephalomyelitis mimicking limbic encephalitis: a case report. Mult Scler Relat Disord 38:101500","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"issue":"9","key":"6342_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004312","volume":"89","author":"EM Hennes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hennes EM, Baumann M, Schanda K et al (2017) Prognostic relevance of MOG antibodies in children with an acquired demyelinating syndrome. Neurology 89(9):900\u2013908","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"6342_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.07.022","volume":"26","author":"B Konuskan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Konuskan B, Yildirim M, Gocmen R et al (2018) Retrospective analysis of children with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-related disorders. Mult Scler Relat Disord 26:1\u20137","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"6342_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1128422","volume":"17","author":"X Dong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dong X, Jiang Y, Yuan P et al (2023) Clinical, radiological, therapeutic and prognostic differences between MOG-seropositive and MOG-seronegative pediatric acute disseminated encephalomyelitis patients: a retrospective cohort study. Front Neurosci 17:1128422","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"6342_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2481","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09440-8","volume":"266","author":"A Budhram","year":"2019","unstructured":"Budhram A, Mirian A, Le C et al (2019) Unilateral cortical FLAIR-hyperintense lesions in anti-MOG-associated encephalitis with seizures (FLAMES): characterization of a distinct clinico-radiographic syndrome. J Neurol 266:2481\u20132487","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"6342_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3629","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.9446-22","volume":"61","author":"T Ishikura","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ishikura T, Okuno T, Takahashi T et al (2022) Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease with frequent cerebellitis. Intern Med 61:3629\u20133630","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"6342_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2022-330074","volume":"94","author":"WJ Lee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee WJ, Kwon YN, Kim B et al (2023) MOG antibody-associated encephalitis in adult: clinical phenotypes and outcomes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 94:102\u2013112","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"6342_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S28","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002878","volume":"87","author":"K Rostasy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rostasy K, Bajer-Kornek B, Venkateswaran S et al (2016) Differential diagnosis and evaluation in pediatric inflammatory demyelinating disorders. Neurology 87:S28-37","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"6342_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073813500713","volume":"29","author":"EM Yiu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yiu EM, Laughlin S, Verhey LH et al (2014) Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) distinctions between tumefactive demyelination and brain tumors in children. J Child Neurol 29:654\u2013665","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00247-025-06342-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00247-025-06342-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00247-025-06342-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T11:37:09Z","timestamp":1760096229000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00247-025-06342-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["6342"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00247-025-06342-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-1998"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-1998","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 June 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 July 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 August 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"None","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}}]}}