{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T06:10:45Z","timestamp":1788243045993,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758758400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatr Radiol"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-025-06405-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T03:43:24Z","timestamp":1758771804000},"page":"210-218","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Proof-of-concept comparison of an artificial intelligence-based bone age assessment tool with Greulich-Pyle and Tanner-Whitehouse version 2 methods in a pediatric cohort"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Luca","family":"Marinelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Lo Mastro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Grassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Berritto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vittorio","family":"Patan\u00e8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Festa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Grassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Grandone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi Aurelio","family":"Nasto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Pola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfonso","family":"Reginelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"6405_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9260(86)80376-2","volume":"37","author":"GR Milner","year":"1986","unstructured":"Milner GR, Levick RK, Kay R (1986) Assessment of bone age: a comparison of the Greulich and Pyle, and the Tanner and Whitehouse methods. Clin Radiol 37:119\u2013121","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"key":"6405_CR2","first-page":"44","volume":"113","author":"A Schmeling","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schmeling A, Dettmeyer R, Rudolf E, Vieth V, Geserick G (2016) Forensic age estimation. Dtsch Arztebl Int 113:44\u201350","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"6405_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-019-06300-x","volume":"30","author":"K Alshamrani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alshamrani K, Offiah AC (2020) Applicability of two commonly used bone age assessment methods to 21st-century UK children. Eur Radiol 30:504\u2013513","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"6405_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1177\/0974909820130406","volume":"47","author":"V Murthy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Murthy V, Begum A, Kumar P, Lalitha C (2013) Reliability of an objective method of evaluating skeletal maturity based on cervical vertebral bone age as compared with the TW2 method. J Indian Orthod Soc 47:202\u2013206","journal-title":"J Indian Orthod Soc"},{"key":"6405_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2018180736","volume":"290","author":"SS Halabi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Halabi SS, Prevedello LM, Kalpathy-Cramer J et al (2019) The RSNA pediatric bone age machine learning challenge. Radiology 290:498\u2013503","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"6405_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s10278-017-9955-8","volume":"30","author":"H Lee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lee H, Tajmir S, Lee J, Zissen M, Yeshiwas BA, Alkasab TK, Choy G, Do S (2017) Fully automated deep learning system for bone age assessment. J Digit Imaging 30:427\u2013441","journal-title":"J Digit Imaging"},{"key":"6405_CR7","unstructured":"Radiological Society of North America. RSNA AI Challenge \u2013 Bone Age 2017. Available from: https:\/\/www.rsna.org\/en\/education\/ai-resources-and-training\/ai-challenges. Accessed August 2025."},{"key":"6405_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4407","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-023-10543-0","volume":"34","author":"D Gr\u00e4fe","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gr\u00e4fe D, Beeskow AB, Pf\u00e4ffle R, Rosolowski M, Chung TS, DiFranco MD (2024) Automated bone age assessment in a German pediatric cohort: agreement between an artificial intelligence software and the manual Greulich and Pyle method. Eur Radiol 34:4407\u20134413","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"6405_CR9","volume":"13","author":"G Boitsios","year":"2021","unstructured":"Boitsios G, De Leucio A, Preziosi M, Seidel L, Aparisi G\u00f3mez MP, Simoni P (2021) Are automated and visual Greulich and Pyle-based methods applicable to Caucasian European children with a Moroccan ethnic origin when assessing bone age? Cureus 13:e13478","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"6405_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.5152\/dir.2019.19321","volume":"25","author":"B Ko\u00e7ak","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ko\u00e7ak B, Durmaz E\u015e, Ate\u015f E, K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7kesmez \u00d6 (2019) Radiomics with artificial intelligence: a practical guide for beginners. Diagn Interv Radiol 25:485\u2013495","journal-title":"Diagn Interv Radiol"},{"key":"6405_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s41747-019-0139-9","volume":"4","author":"C Booz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Booz C, Yel I, Wichmann JL, Boettger S, Al Kamali A, Albrecht MH, Martin SS et al (2020) Artificial intelligence in bone age assessment: accuracy and efficiency of a novel fully automated algorithm compared to the Greulich-Pyle method. Eur Radiol Exp 4:6","journal-title":"Eur Radiol Exp"},{"key":"6405_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2017170236","volume":"287","author":"DB Larson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Larson DB, Chen MC, Lungren MP, Halabi SS, Stence NV, Langlotz CP (2018) Performance of a deep-learning neural network model in assessing skeletal maturity on pediatric hand radiographs. Radiology 287:313\u2013322","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"6405_CR13","volume":"6","author":"SM Santomartino","year":"2024","unstructured":"Santomartino SM, Putman K, Beheshtian E, Parekh VS, Yi PH (2024) Evaluating the robustness of a deep learning bone age algorithm to clinical image variation using computational stress testing. Radiology: Artificial Intelligence 6:e230240","journal-title":"Radiology: Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"6405_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-024-11169-6","volume":"35","author":"J Pape","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pape J, Rosolowski M, Pf\u00e4ffle R, Beeskow AB, Gr\u00e4fe D (2025) A critical comparative study of the performance of three AI-assisted programs for bone age determination. Eur Radiol 35:1190\u20131196","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"6405_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.81.2.172","volume":"81","author":"RK Bull","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bull RK, Edwards PD, Kemp PM, Fry S, Hughes IA (1999) Bone age assessment: a large scale comparison of the Greulich and Pyle, and Tanner and Whitehouse (TW2) methods. Arch Dis Child 81:172\u2013173","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"6405_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.167.6.8956565","volume":"167","author":"FK Ontell","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ontell FK, Ivanovic M, Ablin DS, Barlow TW (1996) Bone age in children of diverse ethnicity. AJR Am J Roentgenol 167:1395\u20131398","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"6405_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200111000-00015","volume":"50","author":"S Mora","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mora S, Boechat MI, Pietka E, Huang HK, Gilsanz V (2001) Skeletal age determinations in children of European and African descent: applicability of the Greulich and Pyle standards. Pediatr Res 50:624\u2013628","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"6405_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12181847","volume":"12","author":"IM Mart\u00edn P\u00e9rez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn P\u00e9rez IM, Mart\u00edn P\u00e9rez SE, Vega Gonz\u00e1lez JM, Molina Su\u00e1rez R, Garc\u00eda Hern\u00e1ndez AM, Rodr\u00edguez Hern\u00e1ndez F et al (2024) Validation of the Greulich and Pyle atlas for radiological bone age assessments in a pediatric population from the Canary Islands. Healthcare (Basel) 12:1847","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"key":"6405_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.4103\/jispcd.JISPCD_315_18","volume":"8","author":"HA Hashim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hashim HA, Mansoor H, Mohamed MHH (2018) Assessment of skeletal age using hand-wrist radiographs following Bjork system. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 8:482\u2013487","journal-title":"J Int Soc Prev Community Dent"},{"key":"6405_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-022-01234-3","volume":"13","author":"SC Shelmerdine","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shelmerdine SC, White RD, Liu H, Arthurs OJ, Sebire NJ (2022) Artificial intelligence for radiological paediatric fracture assessment: a systematic review. Insights Imaging 13:94","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"6405_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-022-05426-3","volume":"53","author":"LB Laborie","year":"2023","unstructured":"Laborie LB, Naidoo J, Pace E, Ciet P, Eade C, Wagner MW, Huisman TAGM et al (2023) European society of paediatric radiology artificial intelligence taskforce: a new taskforce for the digital age. Pediatr Radiol 53:576\u2013580","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00247-025-06405-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00247-025-06405-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00247-025-06405-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T11:44:46Z","timestamp":1769255086000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00247-025-06405-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["6405"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00247-025-06405-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-1998"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-1998","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 September 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 September 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 September 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}