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Optimizing projection direction and beam filtration is essential for dose reduction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To quantitatively evaluate the age-dependent effects of anteroposterior (AP) and posteroanterior (PA) projections, with and without a\u00a00.1-mm copper filter, on organ and effective doses in pediatric full-spine radiography.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Monte Carlo simulations were performed using the Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System with 5-, 10-, and 15-year-old\u00a0female hybrid phantoms. Full-spine radiography from the first cervical vertebra to both femoral heads was modeled under AP and PA\u00a0conditions, with or without copper filtration. Organ doses were calculated, with active bone marrow and bone surface evaluated using\u00a0the \u201cInternational Commission on Radiological Protection Publication 116\u201d dose response functions. Percentage depth dose analysis\u00a0was performed to assess the effect of body thickness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PA projection markedly reduced doses to anterior radiosensitive organs, with maximum reductions of approximately 93% for the\u00a0breast (AP\/PA ratio 14) and over 80% for the thyroid. Copper filtration provided additional reductions of 15\u201319% in AP and 5\u20136% in\u00a0PA. In contrast, dose increases were observed in posterior and deep-seated organs such as the kidneys and active bone marrow.\u00a0Effective dose was reduced by about half with PA and further decreased with copper filtration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PA projection and copper filtration are effective strategies for reducing radiation exposure to anterior radiosensitive organs and\u00a0lowering effective dose in pediatric full-spine radiography. However, dose increases in deep-seated organs were also observed,\u00a0highlighting the need for protocol optimization according to patient age and organ location.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-025-06452-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T11:26:30Z","timestamp":1765452390000},"page":"603-617","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Age-dependent evaluation of organ and effective doses in pediatric full-spine radiography: influence of anteroposterior and posteroanterior projection and copper filtration using Monte Carlo simulation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Yasushi","family":"Katsunuma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaoru","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"6452_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s11832-012-0457-4","volume":"7","author":"MR Konieczny","year":"2013","unstructured":"Konieczny MR, Senyurt H, Krauspe R (2013) Epidemiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. 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