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Detection by fundoscopy may be delayed or limited, whereas magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) enables non-invasive, objective assessment on routine brain sequences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the diagnostic utility of different MRI sequences\u2014particularly susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI), T2*-weighted (T2*w), and morphological sequences\u2014in detecting retinal hemorrhages in AHT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this retrospective multicenter study (2006\u20132015), 57 well-documented AHT cases from three German institutions were analyzed. A subgroup consisted of \u201cconfession cases.\u201d MRI scans were reviewed for retinal hemorrhages across SWI, T2*w, T1-weighted, T2-weighted (T2w), and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequences by blinded expert readers. Fundoscopy results served as the gold standard. Sensitivities were calculated for each sequence, and \u201cconfession\u201d versus \u201cnon-confession\u201d cases were compared.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fundoscopy detected retinal hemorrhages in 44 of 56 evaluable cases (78.6%). MRI identified retinal hemorrhages most frequently on gradient recalled echo sequences, with SWI showing higher sensitivity compared to T2*w (76.9% vs. 47.8%). T2w imaging showed markedly lower sensitivity (30.3%) but detected retinal hemorrhages on one eye missed on T2*w imaging in two cases. In three cases, MRI detected retinal hemorrhages not reported on fundoscopy. No statistically significant differences were found between \u201cconfession\u201d and \u201cnon-confession\u201d cases across all parameters considered (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &gt;0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MRI\u2014particularly SWI and, to a lesser extent, T2*w imaging\u2014may offer a useful tool of detecting retinal hemorrhages in AHT when fundoscopy is limited. T2w imaging may provide complementary information in selected cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-026-06558-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T10:17:05Z","timestamp":1772619425000},"page":"894-905","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Magnetic resonance imaging-based detection of retinal hemorrhages in a multicenter cohort of abusive head trauma"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Hahnemann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernd","family":"Karger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sibylle","family":"Banaschak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hans-Joachim","family":"Mentzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Radbruch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Wittschieber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"6558_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.5.621","volume":"290","author":"HT Keenan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Keenan HT, Runyan DK, Marshall SW et al (2003) A population-based study of inflicted traumatic brain injury in young children. 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