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Existing deep learning approaches are typically limited to single structures and 2-D data, while no robust automated solution exists for whole-uterus volumetry in reconstructed three-dimensional (3-D) MRI, and normative reference ranges are lacking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To develop an automated pipeline for whole-uterus volumetry in 3-D T2-weighted fetal MRI and derive normative growth models for fetal, placental, and amniotic fluid volumes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Motion-corrupted T2-weighted stacks (0.55\u20133-T field strength) were reconstructed into 3-D isotropic images using deformable slice-to-volume reconstruction, followed by automated segmentation with a 3-D U-Net. The method was applied to 357 normal-control datasets with confirmed term birth (16\u201341\u00a0weeks gestational age range) to derive quadratic normative growth curves. Performance and clinical utility were further evaluated on 43 independent datasets.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Segmentation was highly accurate (Dice: fetus 0.997, placenta 0.995, amniotic fluid 0.998) with low volume errors (&lt;1%) and minimal manual refinement required in &lt;25% of cases. In the control cohort, fetal and placental volumes increased with gestational age (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001), while amniotic fluid followed a quadratic trend. Longitudinal growth rates were 146.6\u00a0cc\/week (fetus) and 38.8\u00a0cc\/week (placenta). Preterm pregnancies showed significantly lower fetal and placental volumes (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001) and reduced amniotic fluid (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.01).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This work presents the first automated pipeline for simultaneous whole-uterus volumetry in 3-D fetal MRI and establishes normative growth models across gestation. The approach enables accurate, standardized volumetric assessment and provides a practical tool for detecting abnormal growth patterns in both normal and high-risk pregnancies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-026-06682-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T08:12:15Z","timestamp":1781338335000},"page":"1789-1802","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Normative volumetric growth modeling of the whole fetal body, placenta, and amniotic fluid for three-dimensional T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Alena","family":"Uus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charline","family":"Bradshaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anangsha","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordina","family":"Aviles Verdera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Neves Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aysha","family":"Luis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hadi","family":"Waheed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Alarcon Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucilio","family":"Cordero-Grande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Matthew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Kyriakopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Deprez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen","family":"Colford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexia","family":"Egloff Collado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph V.","family":"Hajnal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Rutherford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Hutter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Story","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"6682_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.26129","volume":"61","author":"D Prayer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Prayer D, Malinger G, Catte LD et al (2023) ISUOG practice guidelines (updated): performance of fetal magnetic resonance imaging. 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