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However, little is known about their genetic diversity and distribution in\n                    <jats:italic>Ixodes ricinus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , as well as their relationship with other tick-associated bacteria. In this study, we investigated the occurrence and the genetic diversity of\n                    <jats:italic>Rickettsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. in\n                    <jats:italic>I. ricinus<\/jats:italic>\n                    throughout Europe and evaluated any preferential and antagonistic associations with\n                    <jats:italic>Candidatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    Midichloria mitochondrii and the pathogens\n                    <jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    sensu lato and\n                    <jats:italic>Borrelia miyamotoi<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>Rickettsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. were detected in most\n                    <jats:italic>I. ricinus<\/jats:italic>\n                    populations investigated, encompassing a wide array of climate types and environments. The infection prevalence significantly differed between geographic locations and was significantly higher in adults than in immature life stages. Phylogenetic investigations and protein characterization disclosed four\n                    <jats:italic>Rickettsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                    clades (I\u2013IV). Close phylogenetic relations were observed between\n                    <jats:italic>Rickettsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains of\n                    <jats:italic>I. ricinus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and other arthropod species. Isolation patterns were detected for Clades II and IV, which were restricted to specific geographic areas. Lastly, although coinfections occurred, we did not detect significant associations between\n                    <jats:italic>Rickettsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. and the other tick-associated bacteria investigated. Our results suggest that\n                    <jats:italic>Rickettsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. are a genetically and biologically diverse facultative symbiont of\n                    <jats:italic>I. ricinus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and that their distribution among tick populations could be influenced by environmental components.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-021-01869-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T21:27:29Z","timestamp":1632778049000},"page":"613-626","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["The Genetic Diversity of Rickettsiella Symbionts in Ixodes ricinus Throughout Europe"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"84","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4458-8294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aitor","family":"Garcia-Vozmediano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2201-8802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Tomassone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manoj","family":"Fonville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7931-4528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Bertolotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dieter","family":"Heylen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nannet D.","family":"Fabri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jolyon M.","family":"Medlock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7373-2243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ard M.","family":"Nijhof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kayleigh M.","family":"Hansford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0218-4320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hein","family":"Sprong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8608-0387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra I.","family":"Krawczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"1869_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2011.10.028","volume":"265","author":"W Tack","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tack W, Madde M, Baeten L, Vanhellemont M, Gruwez R, Verheyen K (2012) Local habitat and landscape affect Ixodes ricinus tick abundances in forests on poor, sandy soils. 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