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The current study investigates how partially weathered diesel at environmentally relevant concentrations, as may be seen during a run-off event, affect coastal microbial communities. A mesocosm experiment using seawater from the Bedford Basin, Nova Scotia, was followed for 72\u00a0h after the addition of partially weathered diesel. Sequencing data suggests partially weathered diesel acts quickly to alter the prokaryotic community, as both opportunistic (<jats:italic>Vibrio<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Lentibacter<\/jats:italic>) and oil-degrading (<jats:italic>Colwellia<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Sulfitobacter<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Pseudoalteromonas<\/jats:italic>) bacteria proliferated after 24\u00a0h in comparison to the control. In addition, total prokaryotes seemed to recover in abundance after 24\u00a0h, where eukaryotes only ceased to decrease slightly at 72\u00a0h, likely because of an inability to adapt to the oil-laden conditions, unlike the prokaryotes. Considering there were no highly volatile components (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene) present in the diesel when the communities were exposed, the results indicate that even a relatively small concentration of diesel run-off can cause a drastic change to the microbial community under low energy conditions. Higher energy conditions due to wave action may mitigate the response of the microbial communities by dilution and additional weathering of the diesel.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-021-01939-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]],"date-time":"2021-12-10T04:31:20Z","timestamp":1639110680000},"page":"1122-1132","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Temperate Coastal Microbial Communities Rapidly Respond to Low Concentrations of Partially Weathered Diesel"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"84","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5833-6960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camilla M.","family":"Ryther","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice C.","family":"Ortmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Wohlgeschaffen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian J.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"1939_CR1","unstructured":"Transportation Research Board and National Research Council (2004) Oil in the sea III: inputs, fates, and effects. 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