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Consequently, hundreds of koalas and thousands of bat pups entered wildlife hospitals with fire-related injuries\/illness, where some individuals received antimicrobial therapy. This study investigated the dynamics of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in pre-fire, fire-affected and post-fire koalas and Pteropid bat pups. PCR and DNA sequencing were used to screen DNA samples extracted from faeces (koalas and bats) and cloacal swabs (koalas) for class 1 integrons, a genetic determinant of AMR, and to identify integron-associated antibiotic resistance genes. Class 1 integrons were detected in 25.5% of koalas (68 of 267) and 59.4% of bats (92 of 155). Integrons contained genes conferring resistance to aminoglycosides, trimethoprim and beta-lactams. Samples were also screened for <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>TEM (beta-lactam) resistance genes, which were detected in 2.6% of koalas (7 of 267) and 25.2% of bats (39 of 155). Integron occurrence was significantly higher in fire-affected koalas in-care compared to wild pre-fire koalas (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). Integron and <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>TEM occurrence were not significantly different in fire-affected bats compared to pre-fire bats (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05), however, their occurrence was significantly higher in fire-affected bats in-care compared to wild fire-affected bats (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001 and <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0488 respectively). The observed shifts of AMR dynamics in wildfire-impacted species flags the need for judicious antibiotic use when treating fire-affected wildlife to minimise unwanted selective pressure and negative treatment outcomes associated with carriage of resistance genes and antibiotic resistant bacteria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-024-02351-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T04:26:12Z","timestamp":1707452772000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Dynamics of Antimicrobial Resistance Carriage in Koalas (Phascolarctos Cinereus) and Pteropid Bats (Pteropus Poliocephalus) Before, During and After Wildfires"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"87","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8669-9702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fiona K.","family":"McDougall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5367-0241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natasha","family":"Speight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4703-9377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver","family":"Funnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1746-0682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wayne S. 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Kangaroo Island pre-fire koala sample collection was approved by The University of Adelaide Animal Ethics Committee approval number S-2013-198 and the South Australian Department for Environment and Water (DEW) Scientific Research permit number Y26054-6. Belair National Park koala sample collection in 2022 was approved by Flinders University Animal Ethics Committee approval number AEC BIOL 4222-13 and the South Australian Department for Environment and Water (DEW) Scientific Research permit number U27069. The acquisition of archived chlamydial disease diagnostic samples collected from koalas in veterinary care on Kangaroo Island and in mainland Australia was approved under the Macquarie University Animal Ethics Committee (ARA permit Reference No. 2020\/027\u2009\u2212\u20092) permitting the collection samples from koalas in-care. Flying fox sample collection was conducted with approval from the animal ethics committees at Macquarie University (No. 2017\/013) and the University of Adelaide (No. S-2015-028), along with a South Australia Department of Environment and Water Wildlife Scientific Permit (M-23671-1, 2 and 3) and an Opportunistic Sample Licence Agreement (R18B259) with Taronga Conservation Society Australia.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Animal Ethics"}}],"article-number":"39"}}