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Genes conferring resistance to \u03b2-lactams, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines were quantified using quantitative PCR. Our findings showed that ARGs are present in both bacterial and phage DNA fractions, with a higher abundance in the bacterial fraction. Notably, our analysis revealed an increased abundance of the sulfonamide resistance gene <jats:italic>sulI<\/jats:italic> in the phage DNA fraction when comparing samples collected before and after the river\u2019s passage through the city. Although similar trends were observed for other ARGs (e.g., <jats:italic>qnrS<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>sulII<\/jats:italic>), these differences were not statistically significant (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05). These findings emphasize the importance of phages as potential reservoirs or vehicles for ARGs in environmental settings. Further research is needed to elucidate the factors that influence gene transfer dynamics and the persistence of ARGs within phages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-025-02541-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T06:08:57Z","timestamp":1747634937000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Bacteriophages as Vehicles for Antibiotic Resistance Genes in the Onyar River, Spain"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Edgar","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Villalobos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Carolina Maganha","family":"de Almeida Kumlien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"S\u00e0nchez-Melsi\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Balc\u00e1zar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2541_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2426","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00876-6","volume":"403","author":"IN Okeke","year":"2024","unstructured":"Okeke IN, de Kraker MEA, Van Boeckel TP, Kumar CK, Schmitt H, Gales AC, Bertagnolio S, Sharland M, Laxminarayan R (2024) The scope of the antimicrobial resistance challenge. 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