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Identifying the factors that affect the composition of mosquito microbial communities in nature is essential for designing effective strategies to control vector-borne pathogens. Here, we used a 16\u00a0S rRNA metabarcoding approach to analyse the microbiome of 196 mosquito pools (four females per pool) of three common species:\n                    <jats:italic>Culex pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Aedes albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Culiseta longiareolata<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Mosquitoes were collected from spring to autumn 2022 in five sampling localities of southern Spain. Mosquito bacterial alpha diversity was higher in\n                    <jats:italic>Cs. longiareolata<\/jats:italic>\n                    compared to\n                    <jats:italic>Cx. pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Ae. albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . In addition, beta diversity and the relative abundance of different bacterial taxa differed among mosquito species.\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                    dominated the bacterial community of\n                    <jats:italic>Cx. pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Ae. albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , but were virtually absent in\n                    <jats:italic>Cs. longiareolata<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Furthermore, using\n                    <jats:italic>Cx. pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    -the most extensively sampled species here- we further investigated differences in the microbiome composition according to sampling localities, seasons, and avian\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection status. Locality and season affected the bacterial alpha and beta diversity, with mosquitoes collected in autumn from the Fuengirola locality showing a higher observed richness. Differences in beta diversity among localities and seasons could be, at least in part, influenced by differences in beta dispersion. The relative abundance of different taxa in\n                    <jats:italic>Cx. pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    varied by locality, season, and avian\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection status. In sum, both intrinsic and environmental factors influence mosquito microbiome, yet the potential consequences for pathogen transmission should be further addressed. This study provides a comprehensive framework to understand the ecological drivers of wild mosquito microbiome, a key step for predicting vector-pathogen interactions and improving strategies for vector-borne disease control.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-026-02801-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T06:45:30Z","timestamp":1783320330000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Drivers of Mosquito Microbiome Composition: Effects of Species, Locality, Season, and Plasmodium Infection"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Marta","family":"Garrig\u00f3s","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Veiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Garrido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Garc\u00eda-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Morales-Yuste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clotilde","family":"Mar\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Recuero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Rosales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Moreno-Indias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josu\u00e9","family":"Mart\u00ednez-de la Puente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2801_CR1","unstructured":"Lehane MJ (2010) The biology of blood-sucking in insects, 2nd edn. 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