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A total of 81 intestinal samples from coastal and frontal Atlantic cod collected in northern Iceland in December 2021 and January 2024 were analysed using 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding. Environmental datasets from the Copernicus Marine Service were used to assess the relationship between annual shifts in microbiome composition and changes in environmental conditions. Our results highlight that the Icelandic cod gut microbiome is a highly dynamic system primarily shaped by environmental shifts, such as warming trends and anthropogenic stressors. Because different behavioural ecotypes are inherently exposed to distinct environmental configurations, these distinct macro\u2013scale exposures may indirectly translate into ecotype\u2013specific microbial signatures that shape the differentiation between coastal and offshore habitats; the effects were particularly evident in the coastal populations, underscoring the greater vulnerability of nearshore habitats to environmental shifts and anthropogenic stressors. These findings suggest the role of the microbiome in ecological plasticity of Atlantic cod; concurrently, they reveal distinct ecotype\u2013specific sensitivities to environmental shifts, particularly those of anthropogenic origin, providing a valuable framework that may support future marine conservation strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-026-02832-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T06:29:24Z","timestamp":1784096964000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unraveling the Influence of Behavioural Ecotypes on Fish Gut Microbiome: Focus on the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in Icelandic Waters"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Elena","family":"Radaelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Palladino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Leuzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Scicchitano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Rampelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Turroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haseeb S.","family":"Randhawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Candela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2832_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.112452","volume":"205","author":"MM Al-Ansari","year":"2022","unstructured":"Al-Ansari MM (2022) Biodetoxification mercury by using a marine bacterium Marinomonas sp. 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