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Diseases contribute significantly to the decline of koala populations, primarily\n                    <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic>\n                    and koala retrovirus. The distribution of these diseases across the species\u2019 range, however, is not even. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in innate immunity by recognising and responding to various pathogens. Variations in TLR genes can influence an individual\u2019s susceptibility or resistance to infectious diseases. The aim of this study was to identify koala TLR diversity across the east coast of Australia using 413 re-sequenced genomes at 30\u2009\u00d7\u2009coverage. We identified 45 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) leading to 51 alleles within ten TLR genes. Our results show that the diversity of TLR genes in the koala forms four distinct genetic groups, which are consistent with the diversity of the koala major histocompatibility complex (MHC), another key immune gene family. The bioinformatics approach presented here has broad applicability to other threatened species with existing genomic resources.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00251-024-01365-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,30]],"date-time":"2024-11-30T06:56:44Z","timestamp":1732949804000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Spatial variation in toll-like receptor diversity in koala populations across their geographic distribution"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Jian","family":"Cui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberley C.","family":"Batley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luke W.","family":"Silver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elspeth A.","family":"McLennan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6328-398X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolyn J.","family":"Hogg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9762-5554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine","family":"Belov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"1365_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2156-14-73","volume":"14","author":"J Abrantes","year":"2013","unstructured":"Abrantes J, Areal H, Esteves PJ (2013) Insights into the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) innate immune system: genetic diversity of the toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) in wild populations and domestic breeds. 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