{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T03:10:49Z","timestamp":1787627449557,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736294400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CE200100012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CE200100012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Australian Government\u2019s Bushfire Recovery for Wildlife and their Habitats program","award":["GA2000526"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GA2000526"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010241","name":"NSW Office of Environment and Heritage","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010241","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001774","name":"University of Sydney","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Immunogenetics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Characterising functional diversity is a vital element to understanding a species\u2019 immune function, yet many immunogenetic studies in non-model organisms tend to focus on only one or two gene families such as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) or toll-like receptors (TLR). Another interesting component of the eukaryotic innate immune system is the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). The two major groups of mammalian AMPs are cathelicidins and defensins, with the former having undergone species-specific expansions in marsupials. Here, we utilised data from 418 koala whole genomes to undertake the first comprehensive analysis of AMP diversity across a mammalian wildlife species\u2019 range. Overall, allelic diversity was lower than other immune gene families such as MHC, suggesting that AMPs are more conserved, although balancing selection was observed in PhciDEFB12. Some non-synonymous SNPs in the active peptide are predicted to change AMP function through stop gains, change in structure, and increase in peptide charge. Copy number variants (CNVs) were observed in two defensins and one cathelicidin. Interestingly, the most common CNV was the duplication of PhciCATH5, a cathelicidin with activity against chlamydia, which was more common in the southern part of the species range than the north. AMP copy number is correlated with expression levels, so we hypothesise that there is a selective pressure from chlamydia for duplications in PhciCATH5. Future studies should use phenotypic metadata to assess the functional impacts of this\u00a0gene duplication.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00251-024-01368-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T16:02:38Z","timestamp":1736352158000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["AMPed up immunity: 418 whole genomes reveal intraspecific diversity of koala antimicrobial peptides"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Cleopatra","family":"Petrohilos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Peel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luke W.","family":"Silver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Belov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolyn J.","family":"Hogg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"1368_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2022.146323","volume":"822","author":"B Ahn","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ahn B, Jeon H, Cho H-S, Nagasundarapandian S, Park C (2022) Sequence polymorphisms of PR39 cathelicidins and extensive copy variations in commercial pig breeds. Gene 822:146323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gene.2022.146323","journal-title":"Gene"},{"issue":"3","key":"1368_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2","volume":"215","author":"SF Altschul","year":"1990","unstructured":"Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman DJ (1990) Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol 215(3):403\u2013410","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"issue":"6557","key":"1368_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abj8754","volume":"373","author":"M Baek","year":"2021","unstructured":"Baek M, DiMaio F, Anishchenko I, Dauparas J, Ovchinnikov S, Lee GR, Wang J, Cong Q, Kinch LN, Schaeffer RD (2021) Accurate prediction of protein structures and interactions using a three-track neural network. Science 373(6557):871\u2013876","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"1368_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/08830185.2018.1506780","volume":"37","author":"M Bagheri","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bagheri M, Zahmatkesh A (2018) Evolution and species-specific conservation of toll-like receptors in terrestrial vertebrates. Int Rev Immunol 37(5):217\u2013228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08830185.2018.1506780","journal-title":"Int Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1368_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0809073106","volume":"106","author":"SA Bakar","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bakar SA, Hollox EJ, Armour JA (2009) Allelic recombination between distinct genomic locations generates copy number diversity in human \u03b2-defensins. Proc Natl Acad Sci 106(3):853\u2013858. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0809073106","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1368_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2698","volume":"11","author":"LB Barreiro","year":"2010","unstructured":"Barreiro LB, Quintana-Murci L (2010) From evolutionary genetics to human immunology: how selection shapes host defence genes. Nat Rev Genet 11(1):17\u201330","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"1368_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(02)00300-6","volume":"127","author":"A Bera","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bera A, Singh S, Nagaraj R, Vaidya T (2003) Induction of autophagic cell death in Leishmania donovani by antimicrobial peptides. Mol Biochem Parasitol 127(1):23\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0166-6851(02)00300-6","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1368_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2010-3962","volume":"94","author":"A Berman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Berman A (2011) Invited review: are adaptations present to support dairy cattle productivity in warm climates? J Dairy Sci 94(5):2147\u20132158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2010-3962","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"1368_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.133967.111","volume":"22","author":"DM Bickhart","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bickhart DM, Hou Y, Schroeder SG, Alkan C, Cardone MF, Matukumalli LK, Song J, Schnabel RD, Ventura M, Taylor JF (2012) Copy number variation of individual cattle genomes using next-generation sequencing. Genome Res 22(4):778\u2013790. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/gr.133967.111","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"1368_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144741","volume":"10","author":"B Brahma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brahma B, Patra MC, Karri S, Chopra M, Mishra P, De BC, Kumar S, Mahanty S, Thakur K, Poluri KM (2015) Diversity, antimicrobial action and structure-activity relationship of buffalo cathelicidins. PLoS ONE 10(12):e0144741. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0144741","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"1368_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1111\/jbi.12445","volume":"42","author":"NJ Briscoe","year":"2015","unstructured":"Briscoe NJ, Krockenberger A, Handasyde KA, Kearney MR (2015) Bergmann meets Scholander: geographical variation in body size and insulation in the koala is related to climate. J Biogeogr 42(4):791\u2013802. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jbi.12445","journal-title":"J Biogeogr"},{"key":"1368_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brouwer L, Barr I, Van De POL M, Burke T, Komdeur J, & Richardson DS (2010) MHC\u2010dependent survival in a wild population: evidence for hidden genetic benefits gained through extra\u2010pair fertilizations. Molecular Ecology 19(16):3444-3455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2010.04750.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2010.04750.x"},{"issue":"12","key":"1368_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3075","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msw167","volume":"33","author":"JR Chapman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chapman JR, Hellgren O, Helin AS, Kraus RH, Cromie RL, Waldenstr\u00f6m J (2016) The evolution of innate immune genes: purifying and balancing selection on \u03b2-defensins in waterfowl. Mol Biol Evol 33(12):3075\u20133087. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/molbev\/msw167","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1368_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2691","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evz191","volume":"11","author":"JR Chapman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chapman JR, Hill T, Unckless RL (2019) Balancing selection drives the maintenance of genetic variation in Drosophila antimicrobial peptides. Genome Biol Evol 11(9):2691\u20132701","journal-title":"Genome Biol Evol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1368_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034947","volume":"7","author":"Y Chen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chen Y, Cao L, Zhong M, Zhang Y, Han C, Li Q, Yang J, Zhou D, Shi W, He B (2012) Anti-HIV-1 activity of a new scorpion venom peptide derivative Kn2-7. PLoS ONE 7(4):e34947. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0034947","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1368_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862-015-0465-3","volume":"15","author":"Y Cheng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cheng Y, Prickett MD, Gutowska W, Kuo R, Belov K, Burt DW (2015) Evolution of the avian \u03b2-defensin and cathelicidin genes. BMC Evol Biol 15:1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12862-015-0465-3. (PMID: 26373713)","journal-title":"BMC Evol Biol"},{"key":"1368_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00347","volume":"11","author":"H-S Cho","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cho H-S, Yum J, Larivi\u00e8re A, L\u00e9v\u00eaque N, Le QVC, Ahn B, Jeon H, Hong K, Soundrarajan N, Kim J-H (2020) Opossum cathelicidins exhibit antimicrobial activity against a broad spectrum of pathogens including West Nile virus. Front Immunol 11:347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00347","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1368_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/147.2.713","volume":"147","author":"AG Clark","year":"1997","unstructured":"Clark AG, Wang L (1997) Molecular population genetics of Drosophila immune system genes. Genetics 147(2):713\u2013724","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"issue":"1","key":"1368_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00251-024-01365-5","volume":"77","author":"J Cui","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cui J, Batley KC, Silver LW, McLennan EA, Hogg CJ, Belov K (2025) Spatial variation in toll-like receptor diversity in koala populations across their geographic distribution. Immunogenetics 77(1):5","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"key":"1368_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-016-2752-9","volume":"17","author":"JM da Silva","year":"2016","unstructured":"da Silva JM, Giachetto PF, da Silva LO, Cintra LC, Paiva SR, Yamagishi MEB, Caetano AR (2016) Genome-wide copy number variation (CNV) detection in Nelore cattle reveals highly frequent variants in genome regions harboring QTLs affecting production traits. BMC Genomics 17:1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12864-016-2752-9","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"issue":"1\u20134","key":"1368_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1159\/000184688","volume":"123","author":"A De Smith","year":"2009","unstructured":"De Smith A, Walters R, Froguel P, Blakemore A (2009) Human genes involved in copy number variation: mechanisms of origin, functional effects and implications for disease. Cytogenet Genome Res 123(1\u20134):17\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000184688","journal-title":"Cytogenet Genome Res"},{"issue":"19","key":"1368_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq429","volume":"26","author":"W Delport","year":"2010","unstructured":"Delport W, Poon AF, Frost SD, Kosakovsky Pond SL (2010) Datamonkey 2010: a suite of phylogenetic analysis tools for evolutionary biology. Bioinformatics 26(19):2455\u20132457. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq429","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"2","key":"1368_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2012.03.013","volume":"37","author":"M Edwards","year":"2012","unstructured":"Edwards M, Hinds LA, Deane E, Deakin J (2012) A review of complementary mechanisms which protect the developing marsupial pouch young. Dev Comp Immunol 37(2):213\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dci.2012.03.013","journal-title":"Dev Comp Immunol"},{"key":"1368_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-018-4452-0","volume":"19","author":"JP Elbers","year":"2018","unstructured":"Elbers JP, Brown MB, Taylor SS (2018) Identifying genome-wide immune gene variation underlying infectious disease in wildlife populations\u2013a next generation sequencing approach in the gopher tortoise. BMC genomics 19:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12864-018-4452-0","journal-title":"BMC genomics"},{"issue":"1","key":"1368_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-0998.2009.02732.x","volume":"10","author":"JF Flot","year":"2010","unstructured":"Flot JF (2010) SeqPHASE: a web tool for interconverting PHASE input\/output files and FASTA sequence alignments. Mol Ecol Resour 10(1):162\u2013166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1755-0998.2009.02732.x","journal-title":"Mol Ecol Resour"},{"issue":"20","key":"1368_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5369","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.14264","volume":"26","author":"AP Fuentes-Pardo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fuentes-Pardo AP, Ruzzante DE (2017) Whole-genome sequencing approaches for conservation biology: advantages, limitations and practical recommendations. Mol Ecol 26(20):5369\u20135406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mec.14264","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1368_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2002.129801","volume":"110","author":"RL Gallo","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gallo RL, Murakami M, Ohtake T, Zaiou M (2002) Biology and clinical relevance of naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 110(6):823\u2013831. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1067\/mai.2002.129801","journal-title":"Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology"},{"issue":"8","key":"1368_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2016.04.021","volume":"136","author":"EJ Giamarellos-Bourboulis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Platzer M, Karagiannidis I, Kanni T, Nikolakis G, Ulrich J, Bellutti M, Gollnick H, Bauer M, Zouboulis CC (2016) High copy numbers of \u03b2-defensin cluster on 8p23. 1, confer genetic susceptibility, and modulate the physical course of hidradenitis suppurativa\/acne inversa. J Investigative Dermatol 136(8):1592\u20131598. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jid.2016.04.021","journal-title":"J Investigative Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1368_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1093\/jhered\/esn112","volume":"100","author":"EN Gillenwaters","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gillenwaters EN, Seabury CM, Elliott JS, Womack JE (2009) Sequence analysis and polymorphism discovery in 4 members of the bovine cathelicidin gene family. J Hered 100(2):241\u2013245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jhered\/esn112","journal-title":"J Hered"},{"key":"1368_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1007\/s10592-016-0813-x","volume":"17","author":"D Gilroy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gilroy D, Van Oosterhout C, Komdeur J, Richardson DS (2016) Avian \u03b2-defensin variation in bottlenecked populations: the Seychelles warbler and other congeners. Conserv Genet 17:661\u2013674. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10592-016-0813-x","journal-title":"Conserv Genet"},{"issue":"3","key":"1368_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e89632","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089632","volume":"9","author":"CE Grueber","year":"2014","unstructured":"Grueber CE, Wallis GP, Jamieson IG (2014) Episodic positive selection in the evolution of avian toll-like receptor innate immunity genes. PLoS ONE 9(3):e89632. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0089632","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"1368_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/jav.00370","volume":"46","author":"O Hellgren","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hellgren O (2015) Allelic variation at innate immune genes (avian \u03b2-defensins), within a natural population of great tits. J Avian Biol 46(1):113\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jav.00370","journal-title":"J Avian Biol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1368_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2726","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2010.02115.x","volume":"23","author":"O Hellgren","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hellgren O, Sheldon BC, Buckling A (2010) In vitro tests of natural allelic variation of innate immune genes (avian \u03b2-defensins) reveal functional differences in microbial inhibition. J Evol Biol 23(12):2726\u20132730. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2010.02115.x","journal-title":"J Evol Biol"},{"key":"1368_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/s00251-007-0219-5","volume":"59","author":"R Higgs","year":"2007","unstructured":"Higgs R, Lynn DJ, Cahalane S, Ala\u00f1a I, Hewage CM, James T, Lloyd AT, O\u2019Farrelly C (2007) Modification of chicken avian \u03b2-defensin-8 at positively selected amino acid sites enhances specific antimicrobial activity. Immunogenetics 59:573\u2013580. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00251-007-0219-5","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"issue":"3","key":"1368_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14030546","volume":"14","author":"CJ Hogg","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hogg CJ, Silver L, McLennan EA, Belov K (2023) Koala genome survey: an open data resource to improve conservation planning. Genes 14(3):546","journal-title":"Genes"},{"issue":"1\u20134","key":"1368_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1159\/000184702","volume":"123","author":"E Hollox","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hollox E (2009) Copy number variation of beta-defensins and relevance to disease. Cytogenet Genome Res 123(1\u20134):148\u2013155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000184702","journal-title":"Cytogenet Genome Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"1368_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1086\/378157","volume":"73","author":"E Hollox","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hollox E, Armour J, Barber J (2003) Extensive normal copy number variation of a \u03b2-defensin antimicrobial-gene cluster. The American Journal of Human Genetics 73(3):591\u2013600","journal-title":"The American Journal of Human Genetics"},{"key":"1368_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-8-113","volume":"8","author":"EJ Hollox","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hollox EJ, Armour JA (2008) Directional and balancing selection in human beta-defensins. BMC Evol Biol 8:1\u201314","journal-title":"BMC Evol Biol"},{"key":"1368_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hollox EJ, Huffmeier U, Zeeuwen PL, Palla R, Lascorz J, Rodijk-Olthuis D, Van De Kerkhof PC, Traupe H, De Jongh G, & Heijer Md (2008) Psoriasis is associated with increased \u03b2-defensin genomic copy number. Nature genetics 40(1):23-25. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ng.2007.48","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2007.48"},{"issue":"5","key":"1368_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101046","volume":"100","author":"T Ishige","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ishige T, Hara H, Hirano T, Kono T, Hanzawa K (2021) Genetic diversity of Japanese quail cathelicidins. Poult Sci 100(5):101046. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101046","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"1368_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2018.12.065","volume":"692","author":"H Jeon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jeon H, Le MT, Ahn B, Cho H-S, Yum J, Hong K, Kim J-H, Song H, Park C (2019) Copy number variation of PR-39 cathelicidin, and identification of PR-35, a natural variant of PR-39 with reduced mammalian cytotoxicity. Gene 692:88\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gene.2018.12.065","journal-title":"Gene"},{"issue":"8","key":"1368_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0153-5","volume":"50","author":"RN Johnson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Johnson RN, O\u2019Meally D, Chen Z, Etherington GJ, Ho SY, Nash WJ, Grueber CE, Cheng Y, Whittington CM, Dennison S (2018) Adaptation and conservation insights from the koala genome. Nat Genet 50(8):1102\u20131111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41588-018-0153-5","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"1368_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00251-016-0959-1","volume":"69","author":"EA Jones","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jones EA, Cheng Y, O\u2019Meally D, Belov K (2017) Characterization of the antimicrobial peptide family defensins in the Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii), koala (Phascolarctos cinereus), and tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii). Immunogenetics 69:133\u2013143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00251-016-0959-1","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"issue":"1","key":"1368_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8361","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26672-2","volume":"8","author":"A Kloch","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kloch A, Wenzel MA, Laetsch DR, Michalski O, Bajer A, Behnke JM, Welc-Fal\u0119ciak R, Piertney SB (2018) Signatures of balancing selection in toll-like receptor (TLRs) genes\u2013novel insights from a free-living rodent. Sci Rep 8(1):8361","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"1368_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msi105","volume":"22","author":"SL Kosakovsky Pond","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kosakovsky Pond SL, Frost SD (2005) Not so different after all: a comparison of methods for detecting amino acid sites under selection. Mol Biol Evol 22(5):1208\u20131222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/molbev\/msi105","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"1368_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lazzaro BP, Zasloff M, & Rolff J (2020) Antimicrobial peptides: application informed by evolution. Science 368(6490):eaau5480. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aau5480","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau5480"},{"issue":"1","key":"1368_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1071\/AM10035","volume":"34","author":"T Lee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lee T, Zenger KR, Close RL, Phalen DN (2011) Genetic analysis reveals a distinct and highly diverse koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) population in South Gippsland, Victoria. Australia Australian Mammalogy 34(1):68\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/AM10035","journal-title":"Australia Australian Mammalogy"},{"issue":"5","key":"1368_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000241","volume":"65","author":"AR Legione","year":"2016","unstructured":"Legione AR, Patterson JL, Whiteley PL, Amery-Gale J, Lynch M, Haynes L, Gilkerson JR, Polkinghorne A, Devlin JM, Sansom FM (2016) Identification of unusual Chlamydia pecorum genotypes in Victorian koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) and clinical variables associated with infection. J Med Microbiol 65(5):420\u2013428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/jmm.0.000241","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1368_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2005.06.003","volume":"86","author":"RM Linzmeier","year":"2005","unstructured":"Linzmeier RM, Ganz T (2005) Human defensin gene copy number polymorphisms: comprehensive analysis of independent variation in \u03b1-and \u03b2-defensin regions at 8p22\u2013p23. Genomics 86(4):423\u2013430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ygeno.2005.06.003","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"issue":"11","key":"1368_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3035","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.16446","volume":"31","author":"MJ Lott","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lott MJ, Wright BR, Neaves LE, Frankham GJ, Dennison S, Eldridge MD, Potter S, Alquezar-Planas DE, Hogg CJ, Belov K (2022) Future-proofing the koala: synergising genomic and environmental data for effective species management. Mol Ecol 31(11):3035\u20133055. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mec.16446","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"key":"1368_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132185","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00115","volume":"6","author":"LR Machado","year":"2015","unstructured":"Machado LR, Ottolini B (2015) An evolutionary history of defensins: a role for copy number variation in maximizing host innate and adaptive immune responses. Front Immunol 6:132185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00115","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1368_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-023-01527-9","volume":"11","author":"TI Maidment","year":"2023","unstructured":"Maidment TI, Bryan ER, Pyne M, Barnes M, Eccleston S, Cunningham S, Whitlock E, Redman K, Nicolson V, Beagley KW (2023) Characterisation of the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) pouch microbiota in a captive population reveals a dysbiotic compositional profile associated with neonatal mortality. Microbiome 11(1):75. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40168-023-01527-9","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"5","key":"1368_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2008.05.005","volume":"32","author":"KG Meade","year":"2008","unstructured":"Meade KG, Cahalane S, Narciandi F, Cormican P, Lloyd AT, O\u2019Farrelly C (2008) Directed alteration of a novel bovine \u03b2-defensin to improve antimicrobial efficacy against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Int J Antimicrob Agents 32(5):392\u2013397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2008.05.005","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"issue":"1","key":"1368_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evy253","volume":"11","author":"P Minias","year":"2019","unstructured":"Minias P, Pikus E, Whittingham LA, Dunn PO (2019) Evolution of copy number at the MHC varies across the avian tree of life. Genome Biol Evol 11(1):17\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gbe\/evy253","journal-title":"Genome Biol Evol"},{"key":"1368_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Minias P & Vinkler M (2022) Selection balancing at innate immune genes: adaptive polymorphism maintenance in toll-like receptors. Molecular Biology and Evolution 39(5):msac102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/molbev\/msac102","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msac102"},{"issue":"3","key":"1368_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2010.06.001","volume":"36","author":"EM Molhoek","year":"2010","unstructured":"Molhoek EM, Van Dijk A, Veldhuizen EJ, Dijk-Knijnenburg H, Mars-Groenendijk RH, Boele LC, Kaman-van Zanten WE, Haagsman HP, Bikker FJ (2010) Chicken cathelicidin-2-derived peptides with enhanced immunomodulatory and antibacterial activities against biological warfare agents. Int J Antimicrob Agents 36(3):271\u2013274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2010.06.001","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"1368_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5405","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-011-0694-5","volume":"38","author":"G Monteleone","year":"2011","unstructured":"Monteleone G, Calascibetta D, Scaturro M, Galluzzo P, Palmeri M, Riggio V, Portolano B (2011) Polymorphisms of \u03b2-defensin genes in Valle del Belice dairy sheep. Mol Biol Rep 38:5405\u20135412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11033-011-0694-5","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"1368_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1080\/01584197.2019.1686994","volume":"120","author":"CE Morrison","year":"2020","unstructured":"Morrison CE, Hogg CJ, Gales R, Johnson RN, Grueber CE (2020) Low innate immune-gene diversity in the critically endangered orange-bellied parrot (Neophema chrysogaster). Emu-Austral Ornithology 120(1):56\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01584197.2019.1686994","journal-title":"Emu-Austral Ornithology"},{"issue":"17","key":"1368_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7073","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0811357106","volume":"106","author":"S Mukherjee","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mukherjee S, Sarkar-Roy N, Wagener DK, Majumder PP (2009) Signatures of natural selection are not uniform across genes of innate immune system, but purifying selection is the dominant signature. Proc Natl Acad Sci 106(17):7073\u20137078. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0811357106","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"1368_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst030","volume":"30","author":"B Murrell","year":"2013","unstructured":"Murrell B, Moola S, Mabona A, Weighill T, Sheward D, Kosakovsky Pond SL, Scheffler K (2013) FUBAR: a fast, unconstrained bayesian approximation for inferring selection. Mol Biol Evol 30(5):1196\u20131205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/molbev\/mst030","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1368_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002764","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002764","volume":"8","author":"B Murrell","year":"2012","unstructured":"Murrell B, Wertheim JO, Moola S, Weighill T, Scheffler K, Kosakovsky Pond SL (2012) Detecting individual sites subject to episodic diversifying selection. PLoS Genet 8(7):e1002764. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002764","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"issue":"5","key":"1368_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-305X(00)00008-2","volume":"24","author":"JM Old","year":"2000","unstructured":"Old JM, Deane EM (2000) Development of the immune system and immunological protection in marsupial pouch young. Dev Comp Immunol 24(5):445\u2013454. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0145-305X(00)00008-2","journal-title":"Dev Comp Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1368_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00104.2005","volume":"23","author":"AA Patil","year":"2005","unstructured":"Patil AA, Cai Y, Sang Y, Blecha F, Zhang G (2005) Cross-species analysis of the mammalian \u03b2-defensin gene family: presence of syntenic gene clusters and preferential expression in the male reproductive tract. Physiol Genomics 23(1):5\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00104.2005","journal-title":"Physiol Genomics"},{"issue":"2","key":"1368_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.7589\/2014-07-176","volume":"51","author":"JL Patterson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Patterson JL, Lynch M, Anderson GA, Noormohammadi AH, Legione A, Gilkerson JR, Devlin JM (2015) The prevalence and clinical significance of Chlamydia infection in island and mainland populations of Victorian koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus). J Wildl Dis 51(2):309\u2013317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/2014-07-176","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"1368_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35019","volume":"6","author":"E Peel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Peel E, Cheng Y, Djordjevic J, Fox S, Sorrell T, Belov K (2016) Cathelicidins in the Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii). Sci Rep 6(1):1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep35019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"10","key":"1368_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.000536","volume":"163","author":"E Peel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Peel E, Cheng Y, Djordjevic JT, Kuhn M, Sorrell T, Belov K (2017) Marsupial and monotreme cathelicidins display antimicrobial activity, including against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiology 163(10):1457\u20131465. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/mic.0.000536","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"1368_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0249658","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249658","volume":"16","author":"E Peel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Peel E, Cheng Y, Djordjevic JT, O\u2019Meally D, Thomas M, Kuhn M, Sorrell TC, Huston WM, Belov K (2021) Koala cathelicidin PhciCath5 has antimicrobial activity, including against Chlamydia pecorum. PLoS ONE 16(4):e0249658. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0249658","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1368_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Peel E, Hogg C & Belov K (2024) Characterisation of defensins across the marsupial family tree. Developmental & Comparative Immunology 105207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dci.2024.105207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2024.105207"},{"issue":"1","key":"1368_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12698","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-39901-0","volume":"13","author":"C Petrohilos","year":"2023","unstructured":"Petrohilos C, Patchett A, Hogg CJ, Belov K, Peel E (2023) Tasmanian devil cathelicidins exhibit anticancer activity against devil facial tumour disease (DFTD) cells. Sci Rep 13(1):12698. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-39901-0","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"13","key":"1368_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.20084","volume":"25","author":"EF Pettersen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pettersen EF, Goddard TD, Huang CC, Couch GS, Greenblatt DM, Meng EC, Ferrin TE (2004) UCSF Chimera\u2014a visualization system for exploratory research and analysis. J Comput Chem 25(13):1605\u20131612","journal-title":"J Comput Chem"},{"key":"1368_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s00251-020-01156-8","volume":"72","author":"P Podlaszczuk","year":"2020","unstructured":"Podlaszczuk P, Indykiewicz P, Markowski J, Minias P (2020) Relaxation of selective constraints shapes variation of toll-like receptors in a colonial waterbird, the black-headed gull. Immunogenetics 72:251\u2013262","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"1368_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.02.026","volume":"165","author":"A Polkinghorne","year":"2013","unstructured":"Polkinghorne A, Hanger J, Timms P (2013) Recent advances in understanding the biology, epidemiology and control of chlamydial infections in koalas. Vet Microbiol 165(3\u20134):214\u2013223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.02.026","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1368_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2531","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bti320","volume":"21","author":"SLK Pond","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pond SLK, Frost SD (2005) Datamonkey: rapid detection of selective pressure on individual sites of codon alignments. Bioinformatics 21(10):2531\u20132533. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bti320","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"1368_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmgm.2022.108368","volume":"118","author":"WF Porto","year":"2023","unstructured":"Porto WF, Alencar SA (2023) In silico assessment of missense point mutations on human cathelicidin LL-37. J Mol Graph Model 118:108368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmgm.2022.108368","journal-title":"J Mol Graph Model"},{"issue":"3","key":"1368_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(02)01549-6","volume":"4","author":"B Ramanathan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ramanathan B, Davis EG, Ross CR, Blecha F (2002) Cathelicidins: microbicidal activity, mechanisms of action, and roles in innate immunity. Microbes Infect 4(3):361\u2013372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1286-4579(02)01549-6","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"10","key":"1368_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4442","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.4442","volume":"31","author":"CH Rodrigues","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rodrigues CH, Garg A, Keizer D, Pires DE, Ascher DB (2022) CSM-peptides: a computational approach to rapid identification of therapeutic peptides. Protein Sci 31(10):e4442","journal-title":"Protein Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"1368_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3299","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msx248","volume":"34","author":"J Rozas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rozas J, Ferrer-Mata A, S\u00e1nchez-DelBarrio JC, Guirao-Rico S, Librado P, Ramos-Onsins SE, S\u00e1nchez-Gracia A (2017) DnaSP 6: DNA sequence polymorphism analysis of large data sets. Mol Biol Evol 34(12):3299\u20133302","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1368_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1093\/jhered\/esx005","volume":"108","author":"C Schmitt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schmitt C, Garant D, Doyon K, Bousquet N, Gaudreau L, B\u00e9lisle M, Pelletier F (2017) Patterns of diversity and spatial variability of \u03b2-defensin innate immune genes in a declining wild population of tree swallows. J Hered 108(3):262\u2013269","journal-title":"J Hered"},{"issue":"6","key":"1368_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1206","volume":"6","author":"ME Selsted","year":"2005","unstructured":"Selsted ME, Ouellette AJ (2005) Mammalian defensins in the antimicrobial immune response. Nat Immunol 6(6):551\u2013557. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ni1206","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"1368_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silver LW, McLennan EA, Beaman J, da Silva KB, Timms P, Hogg CJ, & Belov K (2024) Using bioinformatics to investigate functional diversity: a case study of MHC diversity in koalas. Immunogenetics 1\u201315.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00251-024-01356-6"},{"issue":"10","key":"1368_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2012.00964.x","volume":"90","author":"G Simmons","year":"2012","unstructured":"Simmons G, Young P, Hanger J, Jones K, Clarke D, McKee J, Meers J (2012) Prevalence of koala retrovirus in geographically diverse populations in Australia. Aust Vet J 90(10):404\u2013409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2012.00964.x","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"issue":"1684","key":"1368_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2009.2084","volume":"277","author":"LG Spurgin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Spurgin LG, Richardson DS (2010) How pathogens drive genetic diversity: MHC, mechanisms and misunderstandings. Proceed Royal Soc B: Biol Sci 277(1684):979\u2013988. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2009.2084","journal-title":"Proceed Royal Soc B: Biol Sci"},{"key":"1368_CR83","unstructured":"Team, R. C. (2022). R: a language and environment for statistical computing. In https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"1368_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200324693","volume":"34","author":"J Trowsdale","year":"2004","unstructured":"Trowsdale J, Parham P (2004) Mini-review: defense strategies and immunity-related genes. Eur J Immunol 34(1):7\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eji.200324693","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1368_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1111\/jeb.14181","volume":"36","author":"M Vinkler","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vinkler M, Fiddaman SR, T\u011b\u0161ick\u00fd M, O\u2019Connor EA, Savage AE, Lenz TL, Smith AL, Kaufman J, Bolnick DI, Davies CS (2023) Understanding the evolution of immune genes in jawed vertebrates. J Evol Biol 36(6):847\u2013873. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jeb.14181","journal-title":"J Evol Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1368_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01448-09","volume":"54","author":"G Wang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wang G, Watson KM, Peterkofsky A, Buckheit RW Jr (2010) Identification of novel human immunodeficiency virus type 1-inhibitory peptides based on the antimicrobial peptide database. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54(3):1343\u20131346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.01448-09","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"3","key":"1368_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21542","volume":"39","author":"J Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang J, Dou X, Song J, Lyu Y, Zhu X, Xu L, Li W, Shan A (2019) Antimicrobial peptides: promising alternatives in the post feeding antibiotic era. Med Res Rev 39(3):831\u2013859. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/med.21542","journal-title":"Med Res Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"1368_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24030","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024030","volume":"6","author":"J Wang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang J, Wong ES, Whitley JC, Li J, Stringer JM, Short KR, Renfree MB, Belov K, Cocks BG (2011) Ancient antimicrobial peptides kill antibiotic-resistant pathogens: Australian mammals provide new options. PLoS ONE 6(8):e24030. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0024030","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1368_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Weaver S, Shank SD, Spielman SJ, Li M, Muse SV, & Kosakovsky Pond SL (2018) Datamonkey 2.0: a modern web application for characterizing selective and other evolutionary processes. Mol Biol Evolution 35(3):773\u2013777. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/molbev\/msx335","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msx335"},{"key":"1368_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s42523-021-00074-8","volume":"3","author":"S Weiss","year":"2021","unstructured":"Weiss S, Taggart D, Smith I, Helgen KM, Eisenhofer R (2021) Host reproductive cycle influences the pouch microbiota of wild southern hairy-nosed wombats (Lasiorhinus latifrons). Animal Microbiome 3:1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42523-021-00074-8","journal-title":"Animal Microbiome"},{"key":"1368_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wickham H (2016) ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis. Springer-Verlag New York. https:\/\/ggplot2.tidyverse.org","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4_9"},{"issue":"12","key":"1368_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8024","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013-7037","volume":"96","author":"X Yue","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yue X, Chang T, DeJarnette J, Marshall C, Lei C, Liu W-S (2013) Copy number variation of PRAMEY across breeds and its association with male fertility in Holstein sires. J Dairy Sci 96(12):8024\u20138034. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2013-7037","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"1368_CR93","first-page":"179","volume":"7","author":"M Zanetti","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zanetti M (2005) The role of cathelicidins in the innate host defenses of mammals. Curr Issues Mol Biol 7(2):179\u2013196","journal-title":"Curr Issues Mol Biol"},{"issue":"6870","key":"1368_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/415389a","volume":"415","author":"M Zasloff","year":"2002","unstructured":"Zasloff M (2002) Antimicrobial peptides of multicellular organisms. Nature 415(6870):389\u2013395","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1368_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang F, Gu W, Hurles ME, & Lupski JR (2009) Copy number variation in human health, disease, and evolution. Annual Rev Genomics and Human Genetics, 10:451\u2013481. 10.1146%2Fannurev.genom.9.081307.164217","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genom.9.081307.164217"},{"issue":"1","key":"1368_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmedchemlett.1c00556","volume":"13","author":"J Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang J, Yang L, Tian Z, Zhao W, Sun C, Zhu L, Huang M, Guo G, Liang G (2021) Large-scale screening of antifungal peptides based on quantitative structure\u2013activity relationship. ACS Med Chem Lett 13(1):99\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsmedchemlett.1c00556","journal-title":"ACS Med Chem Lett"}],"container-title":["Immunogenetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00251-024-01368-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00251-024-01368-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00251-024-01368-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T22:12:30Z","timestamp":1768342350000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00251-024-01368-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1368"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00251-024-01368-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0093-7711","1432-1211"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0093-7711","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1211","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 December 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"C.J.H. is a member of the NSW Expert Panel for Koalas, an advisory panel to the NSW government. The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"11"}}