{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T05:09:15Z","timestamp":1781154555816,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,19]],"date-time":"2018-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1545177600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Research and Development Plan of Zhejiang Province","award":["2017C02G4010648"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017C02G4010648"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2018JJ3200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018JJ3200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31741109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31741109"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-018-9572-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,19]],"date-time":"2018-12-19T13:26:52Z","timestamp":1545226012000},"page":"1693-1702","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Effects of bifidobacteria-produced exopolysaccharides on human gut microbiota in vitro"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Guiyang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huahai","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junkui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeshi","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"9572_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12309","DOI":"10.1111\/spc3.12309","volume":"11","author":"AP Allen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Allen AP, Dinan TG, Clarke G, Cryan JF (2017) A psychology of the human brain-gut-microbiome axis. Soc Personal Psychol Compass 11:e12309","journal-title":"Soc Personal Psychol Compass"},{"key":"9572_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01204","volume":"7","author":"S Arboleya","year":"2016","unstructured":"Arboleya S, Watkins C, Stanton C, Ross RP (2016) Gut bifidobacteria populations in human health and aging. Front Microbiol 7:1204","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"9572_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12508","volume":"280","author":"T Arora","year":"2016","unstructured":"Arora T, Backhed F (2016) The gut microbiota and metabolic disease: current understanding and future perspectives. J Intern Med 280:339\u2013349","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"9572_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2690","volume":"10","author":"PA Bron","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bron PA, van Baarlen P, Kleerebezem M (2011) Emerging molecular insights into the interaction between probiotics and the host intestinal mucosa. Nat Rev Microbiol 10:66\u201378","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"9572_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D141","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkn879","volume":"37","author":"JR Cole","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cole JR, Wang Q, Cardenas E, Fish J, Chai B, Farris RJ, Kulam-Syed-Mohideen AS, McGarrell DM, Marsh T, Garrity GM, Tiedje JM (2009) The Ribosomal Database Project: improved alignments and new tools for rRNA analysis. Nucleic Acids Res 37:D141\u2013D145","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"9572_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2335","volume":"8","author":"JL Coombes","year":"2008","unstructured":"Coombes JL, Powrie F (2008) Dendritic cells in intestinal immune regulation. Nat Rev Immunol 8:435\u2013446","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"9572_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5905","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-13-1511","volume":"73","author":"KL Dennis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dennis KL, Wang Y, Blatner NR, Wang S, Saadalla A, Trudeau E, Roers A, Weaver CT, Lee JJ, Gilbert JA, Chang EB, Khazaie K (2013) Adenomatous polyps are driven by microbe-instigated focal inflammation and are controlled by IL-10-producing T cells. Cancer Res 73:5905\u20135913","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"9572_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2334","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02087647","volume":"39","author":"LC Duffy","year":"1994","unstructured":"Duffy LC, Zielezny MA, Riepenhoff-Talty M, Dryja D, Sayahtaheri-Altaie S, Griffiths E, Ruffin D, Barrett H, Ogra PL (1994a) Reduction of virus shedding by B. bifidum in experimentally induced MRV infection. Statistical application for ELISA. Dig Dis Sci 39:2334\u20132340","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"9572_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199406000-00014","volume":"35","author":"LC Duffy","year":"1994","unstructured":"Duffy LC, Zielezny MA, Riepenhoff-Talty M, Dryja D, Sayahtaheri-Altaie S, Griffiths E, Ruffin D, Barrett H, Rossman J, Ogra PL (1994b) Effectiveness of Bifidobacterium bifidum in mediating the clinical course of murine rotavirus diarrhea. Pediatr Res 35:690\u2013695","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"9572_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2011.03.008","volume":"29","author":"F Freitas","year":"2011","unstructured":"Freitas F, Alves VD, Reis MA (2011) Advances in bacterial exopolysaccharides: from production to biotechnological applications. Trends Biotechnol 29:388\u2013398","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol"},{"key":"9572_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09646","volume":"469","author":"S Fukuda","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fukuda S, Toh H, Hase K, Oshima K, Nakanishi Y, Yoshimura K, Tobe T, Clarke JM, Topping DL, Suzuki T, Taylor TD, Itoh K, Kikuchi J, Morita H, Hattori M, Ohno H (2011) Bifidobacteria can protect from enteropathogenic infection through production of acetate. Nature 469:543\u2013547","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"9572_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-1637","volume":"58","author":"Z Gao","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gao Z, Yin J, Zhang J, Ward RE, Martin RJ, Lefevre M, Cefalu WT, Ye J (2009) Butyrate improves insulin sensitivity and increases energy expenditure in mice. Diabetes 58:1509\u20131517","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"6","key":"9572_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E708","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10060708","volume":"10","author":"S Gerhardt","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gerhardt S, Mohajeri MH (2018) Changes of colonic bacterial composition in Parkinson\u2019s disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. Nutrients 10(6):E708","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"9572_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.05.017","volume":"113","author":"M Gueimonde","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gueimonde M, Margolles A, de los Reyes-Gavilan CG, Salminen S (2007) Competitive exclusion of enteropathogens from human intestinal mucus by Bifidobacterium strains with acquired resistance to bile--a preliminary study. Int J Food Microbiol 113:228\u2013232","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"key":"9572_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-012-9110-2","volume":"4","author":"C Hidalgo-Cantabrana","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hidalgo-Cantabrana C, Lopez P, Gueimonde M, de Los Reyes-Gavilan CG, Suarez A, Margolles A, Ruas-Madiedo P (2012) Immune modulation capability of exopolysaccharides synthesised by lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 4:227\u2013237","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins"},{"key":"9572_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02977-13","volume":"80","author":"C Hidalgo-Cantabrana","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hidalgo-Cantabrana C, Sanchez B, Milani C, Ventura M, Margolles A, Ruas-Madiedo P (2014) Genomic overview and biological functions of exopolysaccharide biosynthesis in Bifidobacterium spp. Appl Environ Microbiol 80:9\u201318","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"9572_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.61.312","volume":"61","author":"A Hosono","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hosono A, Lee J, Ametani A, Natsume M, Hirayama M, Adachi T, Kaminogawa S (1997) Characterization of a water-soluble polysaccharide fraction with immunopotentiating activity from Bifidobacterium adolescentis M101-4. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 61:312\u2013316","journal-title":"Biosci Biotechnol Biochem"},{"key":"9572_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2297","volume":"8","author":"S Lebeer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lebeer S, Vanderleyden J, De Keersmaecker SC (2010) Host interactions of probiotic bacterial surface molecules: comparison with commensals and pathogens. Nat Rev Microbiol 8:171\u2013184","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"9572_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3959","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00306-16","volume":"82","author":"IC Lee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee IC, Caggianiello G, van S, Taverne N, Meijerink M, Bron PA, Spano G, Kleerebezem M (2016) Strain-specific features of extracellular polysaccharides and their impact on Lactobacillus plantarum-host interactions. Appl Environ Microbiol 82:3959\u20133970","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"9572_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5763","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00327-12","volume":"78","author":"F Lei","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lei F, Yin Y, Wang Y, Deng B, Yu HD, Li L, Xiang C, Wang S, Zhu B, Wang X (2012) Higher-level production of volatile fatty acids in vitro by chicken gut microbiotas than by human gut microbiotas as determined by functional analyses. Appl Environ Microbiol 78:5763\u20135772","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"9572_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-016-2853-z","volume":"36","author":"J Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu J, Yang H, Yin Z, Jiang X, Zhong H, Qiu D, Zhu F, Li R (2017) Remodeling of the gut microbiota and structural shifts in preeclampsia patients in South China. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 36:713\u2013719","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"9572_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2013.766584","volume":"56","author":"M Moslemi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Moslemi M, Mazaheri Nezhad Fard R, Hosseini SM, Homayouni-Rad A, Mortazavian AM (2016) Incorporation of Propionibacteria in fermented milks as a probiotic. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 56:1290\u20131312","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"9572_CR23","first-page":"925","volume":"7","author":"A O\u2019Callaghan","year":"2016","unstructured":"O\u2019Callaghan A, van Sinderen D (2016) Bifidobacteria and their role as members of the human gut microbiota. Front Microbiol 7:925","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"9572_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(95)76784-4","volume":"78","author":"G Perdigon","year":"1995","unstructured":"Perdigon G, Alvarez S, Rachid M, Aguero G, Gobbato N (1995) Immune system stimulation by probiotics. J Dairy Sci 78:1597\u20131606","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"9572_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-017-3700-7","volume":"162","author":"VA Petrov","year":"2017","unstructured":"Petrov VA, Saltykova IV, Zhukova IA, Alifirova VM, Zhukova NG, Dorofeeva YB, Tyakht AV, Kovarsky BA, Alekseev DG, Kostryukova ES, Mironova YS, Izhboldina OP, Nikitina MA, Perevozchikova TV, Fait EA, Babenko VV, Vakhitova MT, Govorun VM, Sazonov AE (2017) Analysis of gut microbiota in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Bull Exp Biol Med 162:734\u2013737","journal-title":"Bull Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"9572_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2005.02615.x","volume":"22","author":"C Picard","year":"2005","unstructured":"Picard C, Fioramonti J, Francois A, Robinson T, Neant F, Matuchansky C (2005) Review article: bifidobacteria as probiotic agents -- physiological effects and clinical benefits. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 22:495\u2013512","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"9572_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2354","volume":"8","author":"BH Rehm","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rehm BH (2010) Bacterial polymers: biosynthesis, modifications and applications. Nat Rev Microbiol 8:578\u2013592","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"9572_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1995.tb03085.x","volume":"78","author":"CM Roberts","year":"1995","unstructured":"Roberts CM, Fett WF, Osman SF, Eijey C, O\u2019Connor JV, Hoover DG (1995) Exopolysaccharide production by Bifidobacterium longum BB-79. J Appl Bacteriol 78:463\u2013468","journal-title":"J Appl Bacteriol"},{"key":"9572_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02345","volume":"8","author":"L Ruiz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ruiz L, Delgado S, Ruas-Madiedo P, Sanchez B, Margolles A (2017) Bifidobacteria and their molecular communication with the immune system. Front Microbiol 8:2345","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"9572_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.06.003","volume":"149","author":"DA Russell","year":"2011","unstructured":"Russell DA, Ross RP, Fitzgerald GF, Stanton C (2011) Metabolic activities and probiotic potential of bifidobacteria. Int J Food Microbiol 149:88\u2013105","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"key":"9572_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1472-765x.2001.00875.x","volume":"32","author":"CE Rycroft","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rycroft CE, Jones MR, Gibson GR, Rastall RA (2001) Fermentation properties of gentio-oligosaccharides. Lett Appl Microbiol 32:156\u2013161","journal-title":"Lett Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"9572_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4737","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00325-08","volume":"74","author":"N Salazar","year":"2008","unstructured":"Salazar N, Gueimonde M, Hernandez-Barranco AM, Ruas-Madiedo P, de los Reyes-Gavilan CG (2008) Exopolysaccharides produced by intestinal Bifidobacterium strains act as fermentable substrates for human intestinal bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 74:4737\u20134745","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"9572_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.08.017","volume":"135","author":"N Salazar","year":"2009","unstructured":"Salazar N, Ruas-Madiedo P, Kolida S, Collins M, Rastall R, Gibson G, de Los Reyes-Gavilan CG (2009) Exopolysaccharides produced by Bifidobacterium longum IPLA E44 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis IPLA R1 modify the composition and metabolic activity of human faecal microbiota in pH-controlled batch cultures. Int J Food Microbiol 135:260\u2013267","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"key":"9572_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7537","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01541-09","volume":"75","author":"PD Schloss","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schloss PD, Westcott SL, Ryabin T, Hall JR, Hartmann M, Hollister EB, Lesniewski RA, Oakley BB, Parks DH, Robinson CJ, Sahl JW, Stres B, Thallinger GG, Van Horn DJ, Weber CF (2009) Introducing mothur: open-source, platform-independent, community-supported software for describing and comparing microbial communities. Appl Environ Microbiol 75:7537\u20137541","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"9572_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.01.002","volume":"197","author":"Y Shen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shen Y, Xu J, Li Z, Huang Y, Yuan Y, Wang J, Zhang M, Hu S, Liang Y (2018) Analysis of gut microbiota diversity and auxiliary diagnosis as a biomarker in patients with schizophrenia: a cross-sectional study. Schizophr Res 197:470\u2013477","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"9572_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0466-8","volume":"6","author":"M Guchte van de","year":"2018","unstructured":"van de Guchte M, Blottiere HM, Dore J (2018) Humans as holobionts: implications for prevention and therapy. Microbiome 6:81","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"9572_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2012.07.002","volume":"20","author":"M Ventura","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ventura M, Turroni F, Motherway MO, MacSharry J, van Sinderen D (2012) Host-microbe interactions that facilitate gut colonization by commensal bifidobacteria. Trends Microbiol 20:467\u2013476","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"9572_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5261","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00062-07","volume":"73","author":"Q Wang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wang Q, Garrity GM, Tiedje JM, Cole JR (2007) Naive Bayesian classifier for rapid assignment of rRNA sequences into the new bacterial taxonomy. Appl Environ Microbiol 73:5261\u20135267","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"9572_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.09.003","volume":"144","author":"MH Wu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wu MH, Pan TM, Wu YJ, Chang SJ, Chang MS, Hu CY (2010) Exopolysaccharide activities from probiotic Bifidobacterium: Immunomodulatory effects (on J774A.1 macrophages) and antimicrobial properties. Int J Food Microbiol 144:104\u2013110","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"key":"9572_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2011.07.010","volume":"17","author":"R Xu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Xu R, Shang N, Li P (2011) In vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity of exopolysaccharide fractions from Bifidobacterium animalis RH. Anaerobe 17:226\u2013231","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"9572_CR41","first-page":"898","volume":"27","author":"L Yang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yang L, Bian G, Su Y, Zhu W (2014) Comparison of faecal microbial community of lantang, bama, erhualian, meishan, xiaomeishan, duroc, landrace, and yorkshire sows. As-Aust. J Anim Sci 27:898\u2013906","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"9572_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2007.07.003","volume":"371","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Xie J, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ (2007) Thin-layer chromatography for the analysis of glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharides. Anal Biochem 371:118\u2013120","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"}],"container-title":["Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00253-018-9572-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00253-018-9572-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00253-018-9572-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,18]],"date-time":"2019-12-18T19:07:09Z","timestamp":1576696029000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00253-018-9572-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,19]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]}},"alternative-id":["9572"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00253-018-9572-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0175-7598","1432-0614"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0175-7598","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-0614","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 August 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 December 2018","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 December 2018","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 December 2018","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the Zhejiang Gongshang University research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}