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The concentrations that have been observed ranged from ng\/L to \u03bcg\/L. These concentrations, although low, may have a negative effect of long-term exposure on nontarget organisms, especially when naproxen is mixed with other drugs. The biological decomposition of naproxen is performed by fungi, algae and bacteria, but the only well-described pathway for its complete degradation is the degradation of naproxen by\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillus thuringiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      B1(2015b). The key intermediates that appear during the degradation of naproxen by this strain are O-desmethylnaproxen and salicylate. This latter is then cleaved by 1,2-salicylate dioxygenase or is hydroxylated to gentisate or catechol. These intermediates can be cleaved by the appropriate dioxygenases, and the resulting products are incorporated into the central metabolism.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      \u2022\n                      <jats:italic>High consumption of naproxen is reflected in its presence in the environment.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>\u2022Prolonged exposure of nontargeted organisms to naproxen can cause adverse effects.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>\u2022Naproxen biodegradation occurs mainly through desmethylnaproxen as a key intermediate.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-019-10343-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]],"date-time":"2020-01-10T01:03:02Z","timestamp":1578618182000},"page":"1849-1857","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":179,"title":["Naproxen in the environment: its occurrence, toxicity to nontarget organisms and biodegradation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"104","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6681-0992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danuta","family":"Wojcieszy\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6349-3808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Urszula","family":"Guzik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"10343_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1002\/bdd.235","volume":"21","author":"RS Addison","year":"2000","unstructured":"Addison RS, Parker-Scott SL, Hooper WD, Eadie MJ, Dickinson RG (2000) Effect of naproxen co-administration on valproate disposition. 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