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In addition, the end product of sulfate reduction, hydrogen sulfide, is toxic and corrosive. Here we show how sulfate addition affects physiological processes in a thermophilic methanogenic system by analyzing the carbon flow and the microbial community with quantitative PCR and amplicon sequencing of the 16s rRNA gene. A sulfate addition of 0.5 to 3\u00a0g\/L caused a decline in methane production by 73\u201392%, while higher sulfate concentrations had no additional inhibitory effect. Generally, sulfate addition induced a shift in the composition of the microbial community towards a higher dominance of<jats:italic>Firmicutes<\/jats:italic>and decreasing abundances of<jats:italic>Bacteroidetes<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Euryarchaeota<\/jats:italic>. The abundance of methanogens (e.g.,<jats:italic>Methanoculleus<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Methanosarcina<\/jats:italic>) was reduced, while sulfate reducing bacteria (especially<jats:italic>Candidatus Desulforudis<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Desulfotomaculum<\/jats:italic>) increased significantly in presence of sulfate. The sulfate addition had a significant impact on the carbon flow within the system, shifting the end product from methane and carbon dioxide to acetate and carbon dioxide. Interestingly, methane production quickly resumed, when sulfate was no longer present in the system. Despite the strong impact of sulfate addition on the carbon flow and the microbial community structure during thermophilic biogas production, short-term process disturbances caused by unexpected introduction of sulfate may be overcome due to the high resilience of the engaged microorganisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-020-10546-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,26]],"date-time":"2020-03-26T17:02:57Z","timestamp":1585242177000},"page":"4605-4615","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Effect of sulfate addition on carbon flow and microbial community composition during thermophilic digestion of cellulose"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"104","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1461-6645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina","family":"Lackner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6009-8498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas O.","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3368-3015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Illmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"10546_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2001.tb00576.x","volume":"25","author":"J Amend","year":"2001","unstructured":"Amend J, Shock EL (2001) Energetics of overall metabolic reactions of thermophilic and hyperthermophilic Archaea and Bacteria. 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