{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T20:15:33Z","timestamp":1792181733488,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005073","name":"agency for defense development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UD180041GD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UD180041GD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005073","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-022-11812-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]],"date-time":"2022-02-10T04:57:38Z","timestamp":1644469058000},"page":"1531-1542","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A multipathogen DNA vaccine elicits protective immune responses against two class A bioterrorism agents, anthrax and botulism"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Na Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Won Rak","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min Hoon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong Seok","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun Young","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young Jo","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi Ho","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong Hyun","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gyeung Haeng","family":"Hur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seong Tae","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung Youl","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young Kee","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1948-2284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sungho","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"11812_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4955","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.11.4955-4961.1994","volume":"62","author":"N Arora","year":"1994","unstructured":"Arora N, Leppla SH (1994) Fusions of anthrax toxin lethal factor with shiga toxin and diphtheria toxin enzymatic domains are toxic to mammalian cells. Infect Immun 62:4955\u20134961","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"11812_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis017","volume":"54","author":"AW Artenstein","year":"2012","unstructured":"Artenstein AW, Opal SM (2012) Novel approaches to the treatment of systemic anthrax. Clin Infect Dis 54:1148\u20131161","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"11812_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4409","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(01)00197-9","volume":"19","author":"RJ Beedham","year":"2001","unstructured":"Beedham RJ, Turnbull PCB, Williamson ED (2001) Passive transfer of protection against Bacillus anthracis infection in a murine model. Vaccine 19:4409\u20134416","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"11812_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.25192","volume":"9","author":"A Burgain","year":"2013","unstructured":"Burgain A, Rochard A, Trollet C, Mazuet C, Popoff MR, Escriou V, Scherman D, Bigey PI (2013) DNA electroporation in rabbits as a method for generation of high-titer neutralizing antisera. Examples of the botulinum toxin types A, B, and E. Hum Vaccin Immunother 9:2147\u20132156","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"11812_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2841","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.02029-06","volume":"75","author":"T Chitlaru","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chitlaru T, Gat O, Grosfeld H, Inbar I, Gozlan Y, Shafferman A (2007) Identification of in vivo-expressed immunogenic proteins by serological proteome analysis of Bacillus anthracis secretome. Infect Immun 75:2841\u20132852","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"11812_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8050651","volume":"8","author":"A Clark","year":"2020","unstructured":"Clark A, Wolfe DN (2020) Current state of anthrax vaccine and key R&D gaps moving forward. Microorganisms 8:651","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"11812_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1586\/erv.09.132","volume":"8","author":"LC Dupuy","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dupuy LC, Schmaljohn CS (2009) DNA Vaccines for Biodefense. Expert Rev 8:1739\u20131754","journal-title":"Expert Rev"},{"key":"11812_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2004.10.007","volume":"38","author":"HC Flick-Smith","year":"2005","unstructured":"Flick-Smith HC, Waters EL, Walker NJ, Miler J, Stagg AJ, Green M, Williamson ED (2005) Mouse model characterization for anthrax vaccine development: comparison of one bred and one outbred mouse strain. Microb Pathog 38:33\u201340","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"11812_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins8030069","volume":"8","author":"SF Fribe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fribe SF, Goot FG, Burgi J (2019) The ins and outs of anthrax toxin. Toxins 8:69","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"11812_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2005.03.013","volume":"119","author":"F Gessler","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gessler F (2005) A new scaleable method for the purification of botulinum neurotoxin type E. J Biotech 119:204\u2013211","journal-title":"J Biotech"},{"key":"11812_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/167.1.74","volume":"167","author":"TG Greidanus","year":"2002","unstructured":"Greidanus TG, Honl BA (2002) Delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to anthrax vaccine. Mil Med 167:74\u201375","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"11812_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(98)00210-2","volume":"17","author":"ML Gu","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gu ML, Leppla SH, Klinman DM (1999) Protection against anthrax toxin by vaccination with DNA plasmid encoding anthrax protective antigen. Vaccine 17:340\u2013344","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"11812_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13601","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0405557101","volume":"101","author":"G Hermanson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hermanson G, Whitlow V, Parker S, Tonsky K, Rusalov D, Ferrari M, Lalor P, Komai M, Mere R, Bell M, Brenneman K, Mateczun A, Evans T, Kaslow D, Galloway D, Hobart P (2004) A cationic lipid-formulated plasmid DNA vaccine confers sustained antibody-mediated protection against aerosolized anthrax spores. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:13601\u201313606","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"11812_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2776(00)75001-2","volume":"75","author":"J Hess","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hess J, Schaible U, Raupach B, Kaufmann SH (2000) Exploiting the immune system: toward new vaccines against intracellular bacteria. Adv Immunol 75:1\u201388","journal-title":"Adv Immunol"},{"key":"11812_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12699","volume":"20","author":"HJ Jansen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jansen HJ, Breeveld FJ, Stijnis C, Grobusch MP (2014) Biological warfare, bioterrorism and biocrime. Clin Microbiol Infect 20:488\u2013496","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"11812_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.04.006","volume":"22","author":"AP Jathoul","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jathoul AP, Holley JL, Garmory HS (2004) Efficacy of DNA vaccines expressing the type F botulinum toxin Hc fragment using different promoters. Vaccine 22:3942\u20133946","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"11812_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1086\/422694","volume":"190","author":"RT Kenney","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kenney RT, Yu J, Guebre-Xabier M, Frech SA, Lambert A, Heller BA, Ellingsworth LR, Eyles JE, Williamson ED, Glenn GM (2004) Induction of protective immunity against lethal anthrax challenge with a patch. J Infect Dis 190:774\u2013782","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"11812_CR18","first-page":"412","volume":"15","author":"NY Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim NY, Ahn HB, Yu CH, Song DH, Hur GH, Shin YK, Shin S (2019) Intradermal immunization with botulinum neurotoxin serotype E DNA vaccine induces humoral and cellular immunity and protects against lethal toxin challenge. Hum Vaccin Immunother 15:412\u2013419","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"11812_CR19","first-page":"e013967","volume":"10","author":"NY Kim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim NY, Chang DS, Kim Y, Kim CH, Hur GH, Yang JM, Shin S (2015) Enhanced immune response to DNA vaccine encoding Bacillus anthracis PA-D4 protects mice against anthrax spore challenge. PLoS One 10:e013967","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"11812_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12457","volume":"116","author":"NY Kim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim NY, Kang CI, Hur GH, Yang JM, Shin S (2014) Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin induces cell-type-specific cytotoxicity in human lung cell lines. J App Microbiol 116:1334\u20131343","journal-title":"J App Microbiol"},{"key":"11812_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00298","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00298-16","volume":"24","author":"KB Lauer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lauer KB, Borrow R, Blanchard TJ (2017) Multivalent and multipathogen viral vector vaccines. Clin Vaccine Immunol 24:e00298-e316","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"11812_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.06.004","volume":"24","author":"JS Lee","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lee JS, Groebner JL, Hadjipanayis AG, Negley DL, Schmaljohn AL, Welkos SL, Smith LA, Smith JF (2006) Multiagent vaccines vectored by Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicon elicits immune response to Marburg virus and protection against anthrax and botulinum neurotoxin in mice. Vaccine 24:6886\u20136892","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"11812_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.2016.1124762","volume":"15","author":"L Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li L, Petrovsky N (2016) Molecular mechanisms for enhanced DNA vaccine immunogenicity. Expert Rev Vaccines 15:313\u2013329","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"11812_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.10.111","volume":"28","author":"BD Livingston","year":"2010","unstructured":"Livingston BD, Little SF, Luxembourg A, Ellefsen B, Hannaman D (2010) Comparative performance of a licensed anthrax vaccine versus electroporation based delivery of a PA encoding DNA vaccine in rhesus macaques. Vaccine 28:1056\u20131061","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"11812_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2012.00076","volume":"2","author":"DE Lowe","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lowe DE, Glomski IJ (2012) Cellular and physiological effects of anthrax exotoxin and its relevance to disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2:76","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"11812_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200838058","volume":"39","author":"S Midha","year":"2009","unstructured":"Midha S, Bhatnagar R (2009) Anthrax protective antigen administered by DNA vaccination to distinct subcellular locations potentiates humoral and cellular immune responses. Eur J Immunol 39:159\u2013177","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"11812_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-091014-104523","volume":"69","author":"M Moayeri","year":"2015","unstructured":"Moayeri M, Leppla SH, Vrentas C, Pomerantsev AP, Liu S (2015) Anthrax pathogenesis. Annu Rev Microbiol 69:185\u2013208","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"11812_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.36.3.357","volume":"36","author":"MN Nesbitt","year":"1999","unstructured":"Nesbitt MN, Skamene E (1999) Recombinant inbreed mice strains derived from A\/J and C57BL\/6J: a tool for the study of genetic mechanism in host resistance to infection and malignancy. J Leukoc Biol 36:357\u2013364","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"11812_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01722-07","volume":"76","author":"YS Park","year":"2008","unstructured":"Park YS, Lee JH, Hung CF, Wu TC, Kim TW (2008) Enhancement of antibody responses to Bacillus anthracis protective antigen domain IV by use of calreticulin as achimeric molecular adjuvant. Infect Immun 76:1952\u20131959","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"11812_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.116.012658","volume":"69","author":"M Pirazzini","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pirazzini M, Rossetto O, Eleopra R, Montecucco C (2017) Botulinum neurotoxins: biology, pharmacology, and toxicology. Pharmacol Rev 69:200\u2013235","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"11812_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(01)00387-5","volume":"20","author":"PR Pittman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pittman PR, Gibbs PH, Cannon TL, Friedlander AM (2001) Anthrax vaccine: short-term safety experience in humans. Vaccine 20:972\u2013978","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"11812_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00152-06","volume":"13","author":"KS Rosenthal","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rosenthal KS, Zimmerman DH (2006) Vaccines: all things considered. Clin Vaccine Immunol 13:821\u2013829","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"11812_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2015.1066051","volume":"11","author":"VL Scott","year":"2015","unstructured":"Scott VL, Villarreal DO, Hutnick NA, Walters JN, Ragwan E, Bdeir K, Yan J, Sardesai NY, Finnefrock AC, Casimiro DR, Weiner DB (2015) DNA vaccines targeting heavy chain C-terminal fragments of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin serotypes A, B, and E induce potent humoral and cellular immunity and provide protection from lethal toxin challenge. Hum Vaccin Immunother 11:1961\u20131971","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"11812_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.44.101802.121554","volume":"44","author":"LL Simpson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Simpson LL (2004) Identification of the major step in botulinum toxin action. Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 44:167\u2013193","journal-title":"Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"11812_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00530-08","volume":"77","author":"J Skoble","year":"2009","unstructured":"Skoble J, Beaber JW, Gao Y, Lovchik JA, Sower LE, Liu W, Luckett W, Peterson JW, Calendar R, Portnoy DA, Lyons CR, Dubensky TW (2009) Killed but metabolically active Bacillus anthracis vaccines induce broad and protective immunity against anthrax. Infect Immun 77:1649\u20131663","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"11812_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9090268","volume":"9","author":"G Sundeen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sundeen G, Barbieri JT (2017) Vaccines against Botulism. Toxins 9:268","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"11812_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01269-08","volume":"77","author":"C Trollet","year":"2009","unstructured":"Trollet C, Pereira Y, Burgain A, Litzler E, Mezrahi M, Seguin J, Manich M, Popoff MR, Scherman D, Bigey P (2009) Generation of high-titer neutralizing antibodies against botulinum toxins A, B, and E by electrotransfer. Infect Immun 77:2221\u20132229","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"11812_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt0207-179","volume":"25","author":"MC Trull","year":"2007","unstructured":"Trull MC, Laney TV, Dibner MD (2007) Turning biodefense dollar into products. Nat Biotechnol 25:179\u2013184","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"11812_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jom.0000058345.05741.6b","volume":"45","author":"GM Wasserman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wasserman GM, Grabenstein JD, Pittman PR, Rubertone MV, Gibbs PP, Wang LZ, Golder LG (2003) Analysis of adverse events after anthrax immunization in US Army medical personnel. J Occup Environ Med 45:222\u2013233","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"11812_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2013.02.006","volume":"306","author":"A Wheeler","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wheeler A, Smith HS (2013) Botulinum toxins: mechanism of action, antinociception and clinical application. Toxicology 306:124\u2013146","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"11812_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-010-2495-5","volume":"87","author":"G Wu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wu G, Feng C, Hong Y, Guo A, Cao S, Dong J, Lin L, Liu Z (2010) Soluble expression and purification of the anthrax protective antigen in E. coli and identification of a novel dominant-negative mutant N435C. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 87:609\u2013616","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"11812_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.75.103004.142728","volume":"76","author":"JAT Young","year":"2007","unstructured":"Young JAT, Collier RJA (2007) Anthrax toxin: receptor binding, internalization, pore formation, and translocation. Annu Rev Biochem 76:243\u2013265","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem"}],"container-title":["Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00253-022-11812-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00253-022-11812-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00253-022-11812-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T11:43:55Z","timestamp":1744199035000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00253-022-11812-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["11812"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00253-022-11812-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0175-7598","1432-0614"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0175-7598","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-0614","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 July 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 January 2022","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 January 2022","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 February 2022","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All animal experiments were conducted according to the protocols approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (approval ID: SNU-190325\u20131), and Agency for Defense Development, Daejon, Korea (approval ID: ADD-IACUC-20\u201308).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}