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Diagnostic approaches include microscopic sampling of excreta such as the Kato-Katz method, radiography, and serology. Due to their vital role in many stages of the parasitic life cycle, proteases have been under investigation as targets of immunological or chemotherapeutic anti-\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                      agents. Five major classes of protease have been identified on the basis of the peptide hydrolysis mechanism: serine, cysteine, aspartic, threonine, and metalloproteases. Proteases of all five catalytic classes have been identified from\n                      <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      through proteomic or genetic analysis. The study aimed to produce polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) against schistosomal cysteine proteases (CP) to be used in the diagnosis of schistosomiasis. This study was conducted on\n                      <jats:italic>S. mansoni-<\/jats:italic>\n                      infected patients from highly endemic areas and from outpatients\u2019 clinic and hospitals and other patients infected with other parasites (\n                      <jats:italic>Fasciola<\/jats:italic>\n                      , hookworm, hydatid, and trichostrongyloids). In this study, the produced polyclonal antibodies against\n                      <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      cysteine protease antigens were labeled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugate and used to detect CP antigens in stool and serum samples of\n                      <jats:italic>S. mansoni-<\/jats:italic>\n                      infected patients by sandwich ELISA.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study involved 200\n                      <jats:italic>S. mansoni-<\/jats:italic>\n                      infected patients (diagnosed by finding characteristic eggs in the collected stool samples), 100 patients infected with other parasites (\n                      <jats:italic>Fasciola<\/jats:italic>\n                      , hookworm, hydatid, and trichostrongyloids), and 100 individuals who served as parasite-free healthy negative control. The prepared pAb succeeded in detecting CP antigens in stool and serum samples of\n                      <jats:italic>S. mansoni-<\/jats:italic>\n                      infected patients by sandwich ELISA with a sensitivity of 98.5% and 98.0% respectively. A positive correlation was observed between\n                      <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      egg counts and both stool and serum antigen concentrations. Purified 27.5 kDa CP could be introduced as a suitable candidate antigen for early immunodiagnosis using sandwich ELISA for antigen detection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      \u2022\n                      <jats:italic>Detection of cysteine protease antigens can replace parasitological examination<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      \u2022\n                      <jats:italic>Sandwich ELISA has a higher sensitivity than microscopic examination of eggs<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      \u2022\n                      <jats:italic>Identification of antigens is important for the goal of obtaining diagnostic tools<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-023-12408-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,11]],"date-time":"2023-02-11T02:56:13Z","timestamp":1676084173000},"page":"1609-1619","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Preparation of polyclonal anti-Schistosoma mansoni cysteine protease antibodies for early diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"107","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0706-347X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alyaa","family":"Farid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"12408_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2015.06.008","volume":"157","author":"G Abdel-Monaem","year":"2015","unstructured":"Abdel-Monaem G, Farid A, Rabia I, El-Amir A (2015) Evaluation of Echinostoma liei worm, metacercaria and redia antigens for schistosomiasis control. 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