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In this work, the immobilization of <jats:italic>Rhodococcus fascians<\/jats:italic> cells by encapsulation in Ca-alginate hollow beads and entrapment in poly(vinyl alcohol)\/polyethylene glycol (PVA\/PEG) cryogels was studied as an alternative to chemical treatments for degrading the bitter compound limonin. Previously, the <jats:italic>Rhodococcus<\/jats:italic> strain was adapted using orange peel extract to increase its tolerance to limonoids. The optimal conditions for the encapsulation of microbial cells were 2% Na-alginate, 4% CaCl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, 4% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), and a microbial load of 0.6 OD<jats:sub>600<\/jats:sub> (optical density at 600\u00a0nm). For immobilization by entrapment, the optimal conditions were 8% PVA, 8% PEG, and 0.6 OD<jats:sub>600<\/jats:sub> microbial load. Immobilization by entrapment protected microbial cells better than encapsulation against the citrus medium stress conditions (acid pH and composition). Thus, under optimal immobilization conditions, limonin degradation was 32 and 28% for immobilization in PVA\/PEG gels and in hollow beads, respectively, in synthetic juice (pH 3) after 72\u00a0h at 25\u00a0\u00b0C. Finally, the microbial cells entrapped in the cryogels showed a higher operational stability in orange juice than the encapsulated cells, with four consecutive cycles of reuse (runs of 24\u00a0h at 25\u00a0\u00b0C).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\u2022 <jats:italic>Increased tolerance to limonoids by adapting R. fascians with citrus by-products.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p>\u2022 <jats:italic>Entrapment provided cells with favorable microenvironment for debittering at acid pH.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p>\u2022 <jats:italic>Cryogel-immobilized cells showed the highest limonin degradation in citrus products.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-023-12724-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T10:02:13Z","timestamp":1692871333000},"page":"6377-6388","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Immobilization of Rhodococcus by encapsulation and entrapment: a green solution to bitter citrus by-products"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"107","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2081-3052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda C.","family":"Pilar-Izquierdo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"L\u00f3pez-Fouz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natividad","family":"Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda D.","family":"Busto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"12724_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-005-1136-1","volume":"221","author":"S Abbasi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Abbasi S, Zandi P, Mirbagheri E (2005) Quantitation of limonin in Iranian orange juice concentrates using high-performance liquid chromatography and spectrophotometric methods. 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