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However, the molecular and biological mechanisms modulating melanin-mediated host\u2013pathogen interaction in <jats:italic>A. flavus<\/jats:italic> keratitis are not well understood. This work aimed to compare the morphology, surface proteome profile, and virulence of melanized conidia (MC) and non-melanized conidia (NMC) of <jats:italic>A. flavus<\/jats:italic>. Kojic acid treatment inhibited melanin synthesis in <jats:italic>A. flavus<\/jats:italic>, and the conidial surface protein profile was significantly different in kojic acid-treated non-melanized conidia. Several cell wall-associated proteins and proteins responsible for oxidative stress, carbohydrate, and chitin metabolic pathways were found only in the formic acid extracts of NMC. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed the conidial surface morphology difference between the NMC and MC, indicating the role of melanin in the structural integrity of the conidial cell wall. The levels of calcofluor white staining efficiency were different, but there was no microscopic morphology difference in lactophenol cotton blue staining between MC and NMC. Evaluation of the virulence of MC and NMC in the <jats:italic>Galleria mellonella<\/jats:italic> model showed NMC was less virulent compared to MC. Our findings showed that the integrity of the conidial surface is controlled by the melanin layer. The alteration in the surface protein profile indicated that many surface proteins are masked by the melanin layer, and hence, melanin can modulate the host response by preventing the exposure of fungal proteins to the host immune defense system. The <jats:italic>G. mellonella<\/jats:italic> virulence assay also confirmed that the NMC were susceptible to host defense as in other <jats:italic>Aspergillus<\/jats:italic> pathogens.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\u2022 <jats:italic>l-DOPA melanin production was inhibited in A. flavus isolates by kojic acid, and for the first time, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed morphological differences between MC and NMC of A. flavus strains<\/jats:italic>\n            <\/jats:p>\n            <jats:p>\u2022 <jats:italic>Proteome profile of non-melanized conidia showed more conidial surface proteins and these proteins were mainly involved in the virulence, oxidative stress, and metabolism pathways<\/jats:italic>\n            <\/jats:p>\n            <jats:p>\u2022 <jats:italic>Non-melanized conidia of A. flavus strains were shown to be less virulent than melanised conidia in an in vivo virulence experiment with the G. melonella model<\/jats:italic>\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-024-13107-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]],"date-time":"2024-04-09T07:02:14Z","timestamp":1712646134000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Melanin depletion affects Aspergillus flavus conidial surface proteins, architecture, and virulence"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Ondippili","family":"Rudhra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hariharan","family":"Gnanam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sivaramakrishnan","family":"Sivaperumal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"VenkateshPrajna","family":"Namperumalsamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lalitha","family":"Prajna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5540-5166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dharmalingam","family":"Kuppamuthu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"13107_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/J.IJMM.2014.04.009","volume":"304","author":"S Amin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Amin S, Thywissen A, Heinekamp T, Saluz HP, Brakhage AA (2014) Melanin dependent survival of Apergillus fumigatus conidia in lung epithelial cells. 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