{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T02:21:39Z","timestamp":1770344499298,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742515200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Bacterial culture on solid media is the crucial step in diagnosing\n                      <jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections and is the gold standard for determining their antimicrobial resistance profile. However, culture of\n                      <jats:italic>Neisseria<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. can be challenging in resource poor areas, relying on specialist incubators or other methods of supplying 5% CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      for growth of the bacteria. Even when such incubators are available, the CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      to run them may be scarce; there were CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      shortages during the COVID-19 pandemic, for example. Although culture jars with gas packs or candles can be used, these are inefficient in terms of use of incubator space and researcher time. To achieve simplicity in culturing of\n                      <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae,<\/jats:italic>\n                      the standard Oxoid GC agar base medium, made with the Kellogg\u2019s glucose and iron supplements was improved with the addition of 0.75\u00a0g\/l sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), which is inexpensive and readily available. This improved media in a standard incubator performed as well as standard Oxoid GC agar media with supplements in a 5% CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      incubator. Chocolate agar and Thayer-Martin agar with sodium bicarbonate were also developed, with all showing good growth of\n                      <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                      without the need for atmospheric CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>\u2022 Neisseria spp. (N. gonorrhoeae, N. meningitidis) require atmospheric CO<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>\n                        <jats:italic>2<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>to grow.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>\u2022 Sources of CO<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>\n                        <jats:italic>2<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>may be scarce depending on geography and lab supply availability.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>\u2022 We have developed GC, Chocolate, and Thayer-Martin media that does not need CO<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>\n                        <jats:italic>2<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-025-13449-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,22]],"date-time":"2025-03-22T17:03:22Z","timestamp":1742663002000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Improved Neisseria gonorrhoeae culture media without atmospheric CO2"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Chukwuma Jude","family":"Menkiti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3172-3984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lori A. S.","family":"Snyder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"13449_CR1","first-page":"mgen000423","volume":"6","author":"A Calder","year":"2020","unstructured":"Calder A, Menkiti CJ, \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f A, Santos JL, Streich R, Wong A, Avini AH, Bojang E, Yogamanoharan K, Sivanesan N, Ali B, Ashrafi M, Issa A, Kaur T, Latif A, Mohamed HAS, Maqsood A, Tamang L, Swager E, Stringer AJ, Snyder LAS (2020) Virulence genes and previously unexplored gene clusters in four commensal Neisseria spp. isolated from the human throat expand the neisserial gene repertoire. Microb Genom 6(9):mgen000423","journal-title":"Microb Genom"},{"issue":"3","key":"13449_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.12.3.301-303.1980","volume":"12","author":"BL Carlson","year":"1980","unstructured":"Carlson BL, Haley MS, Tisei NA, McCormack WM (1980) Evaluation of four methods for isolation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Clin Microbiol 12(3):301\u2013303","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"13449_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1086\/infdis\/23.3.342","volume":"23","author":"CW Chapin","year":"1918","unstructured":"Chapin CW (1918) Carbon dioxide in the primary of the gonococcus. J Infect Dis 23:342\u2013344","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"17","key":"13449_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6035","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00566-08","volume":"190","author":"GT Chung","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chung GT, Yoo JS, Oh HB, Lee YS, Cha SH, Kim SJ, Yoo CK (2008) Complete genome sequence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae NCCP11945. J Bacteriol 190(17):6035\u20136036","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"13449_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3857","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)92022-3","volume":"243","author":"TG Cooper","year":"1968","unstructured":"Cooper TG, Tchen TT, Wood HG, Benedict CR (1968) The carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate and pyruvate. I. The active species of CO2 utilized by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, carboxytransphosphorylase, and pyruvate carboxylase. J Biol Chem 243:3857\u20133862","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"3","key":"13449_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.25.3.571-572.1987","volume":"25","author":"DL Devaux","year":"1987","unstructured":"Devaux DL, Evans GL, Arndt CW, Janda WM (1987) Comparison of the Gono-Pak System with the candle extinction jar for recovery of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Clin Microbiol 25(3):571\u2013572","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"13449_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.71.6.717-721.1956","volume":"71","author":"PJ Griffin","year":"1956","unstructured":"Griffin PJ, Racker E (1956) The carbon dioxide requirement of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Bacteriol 71(6):717\u2013721","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"issue":"6","key":"13449_CR8","first-page":"613","volume":"29","author":"PJ Griffin","year":"1957","unstructured":"Griffin PJ, Rieder SV (1957) A study on the growth requirements of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and its clinical application. YJBM 29(6):613\u2013621","journal-title":"YJBM"},{"key":"13449_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-93-1-69","volume":"93","author":"AI Higa","year":"1976","unstructured":"Higa AI, Milrad de Forchetti SR, Cazzulo JJ (1976) CO2-fixing enzymes in Pseudomonas fluorescens. J Gen Microbiol 93:69\u201374","journal-title":"J Gen Microbiol"},{"key":"13449_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hu LI, Yin S, Ozer EA, Sewell L, Rehman S, Garnett J, Seifert HS (2020) Discovery of a new Neisseria gonorrhoeae type IV pilus assembly factor, TfpC. mBio 11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mbio.02528-20.","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02528-20"},{"key":"13449_CR11","first-page":"239","volume":"26","author":"J Johnston","year":"1945","unstructured":"Johnston J (1945) Comparison of gonococcus cultures read at 24 and 48 hours. J Vener Dis Inform 26:239\u2013241","journal-title":"J Vener Dis Inform"},{"issue":"4","key":"13449_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.5.4.427-432.1977","volume":"5","author":"RT Jones","year":"1977","unstructured":"Jones RT, Talley RS (1977) Effects of gaseous CO2 and bicarbonate on the growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Clin Microbiol 5(4):427\u2013432","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"13449_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.85.6.1274-1279.1963","volume":"85","author":"DS Kellogg Jr","year":"1963","unstructured":"Kellogg DS Jr, Peacock WL Jr, Deacon WE, Brown L, Pirkle DI (1963) Neisseria gonorrhoeae. I. Virulence genetically linked to clonal variation. J Bacteriol 85:1274\u20131279","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"13449_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1128\/am.27.4.802-805.1974","volume":"27","author":"JE Martin","year":"1974","unstructured":"Martin JE, Armstrong JH, Smith PB (1974) New system for cultivation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Appl Microbiol 27:802\u2013805","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"13449_CR15","first-page":"25","volume":"8","author":"JW McLeod","year":"1927","unstructured":"McLeod JW, Wheatley B, Phelon HV (1927) On some of the unexplained difficulties met with in the cultivating of gonococcus. Br J Exp Pathol 8:25","journal-title":"Br J Exp Pathol"},{"key":"13449_CR16","unstructured":"Ochei J, Kolhatkar A (2000) Medical laboratory science: theory and practice. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited. 637."},{"issue":"2","key":"13449_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.4.2.129-132.1976","volume":"4","author":"DJ Platt","year":"1976","unstructured":"Platt DJ (1976) Carbon dioxide requirement of Neisseria gonorrhoeae growing on a solid medium. J Clin Microbiol 4(2):129\u2013132","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"13449_CR18","unstructured":"Reiner K (2010) Catalase test protocol. American Society for Microbiology https:\/\/asm.org\/getattachment\/72a871fc-ba92-4128-a194-6f1bab5c3ab7\/Catalase-Test-Protocol.pdf"},{"issue":"1","key":"13449_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-022-01282-x","volume":"8","author":"DHF Rubin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rubin DHF, Ma KC, Westervelt KA, Hullahalli K, Waldor MK, Grad YH (2023) CanB is a metabolic mediator of antibiotic resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Nat Microbiol 8(1):28\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41564-022-01282-x","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"13449_CR20","unstructured":"Shields P, Cathcart L (2010) Oxidase test protocol. Am Soc Microbiol https:\/\/asm.org\/getattachment\/00ce8639-8e76-4acb-8591-0f7b22a347c6\/oxidase-test-protocol-3229.pdf"},{"key":"13449_CR21","unstructured":"Smith AC, Hussey MA (2005) Gram stain protocols. Am Soc Microbiol https:\/\/asm.org\/getattachment\/5c95a063-326b-4b2f-98ce-001de9a5ece3\/gram-stain-protocol-2886.pdf"},{"key":"13449_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI100844","volume":"16","author":"WW Spink","year":"1947","unstructured":"Spink WW, Keefer CS (1947) Studies of gonococcal infection. J Clin Invest 16:169\u2013176","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"13449_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.165.5.1344","volume":"165","author":"J Swanson","year":"1987","unstructured":"Swanson J, Robbins K, Barrera O, Corwin D, Boslego J, Ciak J, Blake M, Koomey JM (1987) Gonococcal pilin variants in experimental gonorrhea. J Exp Med 165:1344\u20131357","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"13449_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Talley RS, Baugh CL (1975) Effects of bicarbonate on growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: replacement of gaseous CO2 atmosphere. Appl Microbiol 469\u2013471.","DOI":"10.1128\/am.29.4.469-471.1975"},{"key":"13449_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a129282","volume":"67","author":"H Teraoka","year":"1970","unstructured":"Teraoka H, Nishikido T, Izui K, Katsuki H (1970) Control of the synthesis of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in Escherichia coli. J Biochem (Tokyo) 67:567\u2013575","journal-title":"J Biochem (Tokyo)"},{"issue":"1","key":"13449_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.2307\/4592051","volume":"79","author":"JD Thayer","year":"1964","unstructured":"Thayer JD, Martin JE Jr (1964) A selective medium for the cultivation of N. gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis. Public Health Rep 79(1):49\u201357","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"13449_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.88.4.946-955.1964","volume":"88","author":"TS Theodore","year":"1964","unstructured":"Theodore TS, Englesberg E (1964) Mutants of Salmonella typhimurium deficient in the carbondioxide-fixing enzyme phosphoenolpyruvic carboxylase. J Bacteriol 88:946\u2013955","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"13449_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(97)00018-8","volume":"192","author":"T T\u00f8njum","year":"1997","unstructured":"T\u00f8njum T, Koomey M (1997) The pilus colonization factor of pathogenic neisserial species: organelle biogenesis and structure\/function relationships\u2014a review. Gene 192:155\u2013163","journal-title":"Gene"},{"issue":"2","key":"13449_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.64.2.171-182.1952","volume":"64","author":"DM Tuttle","year":"1952","unstructured":"Tuttle DM, Scherp HW (1952) Studies on the carbon dioxide requirement of Neisseria meningitidis. J Bacteriol 64(2):171\u2013182","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"issue":"2575","key":"13449_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1126\/science.99.2575.372.a","volume":"99","author":"JP Welton","year":"1944","unstructured":"Welton JP, Stokinger HE, Carpenter CM (1944) A chemically defined medium for the cultivation of the Gonococcus. Science 99(2575):372\u2013372","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"13449_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/19.3.288","volume":"19","author":"WB Wherry","year":"1916","unstructured":"Wherry WB, Oliver WW (1916) Adaptation to certain tensions of oxygen as shown by the gonococcus and other parasitic and saprophytic bacteria. J Infect Dis 19:288\u2013298","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00253-025-13449-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00253-025-13449-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00253-025-13449-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T12:30:13Z","timestamp":1770294613000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00253-025-13449-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["13449"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00253-025-13449-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-0614"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-0614","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 March 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 March 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 March 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"68"}}