{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:55:51Z","timestamp":1791932151911,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744070400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 109-2320-B-038-053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 109-2320-B-038-053"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 110-2320-B-075A-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 110-2320-B-075A-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      is a major opportunistic pathogen, responsible for nearly half of clinical candidemia cases. The rising prevalence of azole-resistant\n                      <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                      species represents a significant clinical challenge, underscoring the urgent need for alternative therapeutic strategies. Monoclonal antibody-based therapies have emerged as a promising and cost-effective approach to combating\n                      <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections. Agglutinin-like sequence protein 3 (Als3), a key cell surface protein of\n                      <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      , plays a pivotal role in adherence and biofilm formation, both of which are essential for its pathogenesis. In this study, recombinant Als3 protein was purified and utilized to immunize chickens, resulting in the production of Als3-specific immunoglobulin Y (IgY) antibodies. Two single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody libraries were subsequently constructed using phage display technology, yielding transformant counts of 5.3\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                      <jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup>\n                      and 2.8\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                      <jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup>\n                      , respectively. Phage-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) revealed enhanced signals following bio-panning, enabling the identification and sequence validation of three scFv antibodies. These scFv antibodies exhibited strong binding activities to Als3, as confirmed through ELISA and western blot analyses. Binding affinities were determined to be\u2009~\u200910\u207b\u2078 M via serial titration ELISA and competitive ELISA. Additionally, the selected scFv antibodies specifically recognized endogenous Als3 protein in\n                      <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      , as demonstrated by western blot and cell-based ELISA assays. In conclusion, this study successfully generated and characterized high-affinity scFv antibodies targeting Als3, which exhibited exceptional specificity and binding activity. These findings highlight their potential as promising immunotherapeutic candidates for the treatment of\n                      <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      \u2022\n                      <jats:italic>The Als3 protein of C. albicans is a critical biomarker and therapeutic target<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      \u2022\n                      <jats:italic>Chicken-derived scFv antibodies against Als3 were developed via phage display<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      \u2022\n                      <jats:italic>The scFv antibodies showed strong binding to endogenous Als3 in C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-025-13469-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T17:39:47Z","timestamp":1744133987000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Identification of chicken-derived antibodies targeting the Candida albicans Als3 protein"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Chi-Hsin","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao-Jung","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang-Yi","family":"Yen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia-Yun","family":"Chiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting-Jing","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sy-Jye","family":"Leu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuang-Rung","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsiu-Jung","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bor-Yu","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan-Chiao","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valencia","family":"Andriani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priskila Cherisca","family":"Thenaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Chu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Pin","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2534-8436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi-Yuan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"13469_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(93)90179-b","volume":"160","author":"EM Akita","year":"1993","unstructured":"Akita EM, Nakai S (1993) Comparison of four purification methods for the production of immunoglobulins from eggs laid by hens immunized with an enterotoxigenic E. coli strain. J Immunol Methods 160(2):207\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0022-1759(93)90179-b","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"key":"13469_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2015692","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2015692","volume":"2019","author":"N Alkharashi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alkharashi N, Aljohani S, Layqah L, Masuadi E, Baharoon W, Al-Jahdali H, Baharoon S (2019) Candida bloodstream infection: changing pattern of occurrence and antifungal susceptibility over 10 years in a tertiary care Saudi hospital. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 2019:2015692. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/2015692","journal-title":"Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"13469_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000217","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000217","volume":"4","author":"RS Almeida","year":"2008","unstructured":"Almeida RS, Brunke S, Albrecht A, Thewes S, Laue M, Edwards JE, Filler SG, Hube B (2008) The hyphal-associated adhesin and invasin Als3 of Candida albicans mediates iron acquisition from host ferritin. PLoS Pathog 4(11):e1000217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000217","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"13469_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-1759(00)00221-0","volume":"242","author":"J Andris-Widhopf","year":"2000","unstructured":"Andris-Widhopf J, Rader C, Steinberger P, Fuller R, Barbas CF 3rd (2000) Methods for the generation of chicken monoclonal antibody fragments by phage display. J Immunol Methods 242(1\u20132):159\u2013181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0022-1759(00)00221-0","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"issue":"18","key":"13469_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7978","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.18.7978","volume":"88","author":"CF Barbas 3rd","year":"1991","unstructured":"Barbas CF 3rd, Kang AS, Lerner RA, Benkovic SJ (1991) Assembly of combinatorial antibody libraries on phage surfaces: the gene III site. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 88(18):7978\u20137982. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.88.18.7978","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"2","key":"13469_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/0732-8893(93)90020-8","volume":"17","author":"J Berenguer","year":"1993","unstructured":"Berenguer J, Buck M, Witebsky F, Stock F, Pizzo PA, Walsh TJ (1993) Lysis-centrifugation blood cultures in the detection of tissue-proven invasive candidiasis. Disseminated versus single-organ infection. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 17(2):103\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0732-8893(93)90020-8","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"13469_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.3109\/2000-1967-145","volume":"106","author":"D Carlander","year":"2001","unstructured":"Carlander D, Larsson A (2001) Avian antibodies can eliminate interference due to complement activation in ELISA. Ups J Med Sci 106(3):189\u2013195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/2000-1967-145","journal-title":"Ups J Med Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"13469_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.15.79","volume":"10","author":"E Cota","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cota E, Hoyer LL (2015) The Candida albicans agglutinin-like sequence family of adhesins: functional insights gained from structural analysis. Future Microbiol 10(10):1635\u20132548. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2217\/fmb.15.79","journal-title":"Future Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"13469_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.05025-11AAC.05025-11","volume":"56","author":"CS Danby","year":"2012","unstructured":"Danby CS, Boikov D, Rautemaa-Richardson R, Sobel JD (2012) Effect of pH on in vitro susceptibility of Candida glabrata and Candida albicans to 11 antifungal agents and implications for clinical use. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56(3):1403\u20131406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AAC.05025-11AAC.05025-11","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"13469_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-199005020-00003","volume":"49","author":"G Deray","year":"2002","unstructured":"Deray G (2002) Amphotericin B nephrotoxicity. J Antimicrob Chemother 49(Suppl 1):37\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/00002018-199005020-00003","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"13469_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2009.12.011","volume":"135","author":"W Dias da Silva","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dias da Silva W, Tambourgi DV (2010) IgY: a promising antibody for use in immunodiagnostic and in immunotherapy. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 135(3\u20134):173\u2013180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetimm.2009.12.011","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"13469_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065353","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1065353","volume":"14","author":"SA El-Kafrawy","year":"2023","unstructured":"El-Kafrawy SA, Abbas AT, Oelkrug C, Tahoon M, Ezzat S, Zumla A, Azhar EI (2023) IgY antibodies: the promising potential to overcome antibiotic resistance. Front Immunol 14:1065353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1065353","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"20","key":"13469_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12612","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.192467999","volume":"99","author":"C Gao","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gao C, Mao S, Kaufmann G, Wirsching P, Lerner RA, Janda KD (2002) A method for the generation of combinatorial antibody libraries using pIX phage display. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99(20):12612\u201312616. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.192467999","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"Suppl 6","key":"13469_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12539","volume":"20","author":"J Guinea","year":"2014","unstructured":"Guinea J (2014) Global trends in the distribution of Candida species causing candidemia. Clin Microbiol Infect 20(Suppl 6):5\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1469-0691.12539","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"3","key":"13469_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.31083\/j.fbe1603024","volume":"16","author":"OI Guliy","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guliy OI, Khanadeev VA, Dykman LA (2024) Phage antibodies for detection of diagnostically important antigens. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 16(3):24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31083\/j.fbe1603024","journal-title":"Front Biosci (Elite Ed)"},{"issue":"3","key":"13469_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fux010","volume":"41","author":"CW Hall","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hall CW, Mah TF (2017) Molecular mechanisms of biofilm-based antibiotic resistance and tolerance in pathogenic bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev 41(3):276\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/femsre\/fux010","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"13469_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2013.521","volume":"134","author":"CM Hammers","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hammers CM, Stanley JR (2014) Antibody phage display: technique and applications. J Invest Dermatol 134(2):1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/jid.2013.521","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"13469_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00280","volume":"15","author":"LL Hoyer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hoyer LL, Cota E (2016) Candida albicans agglutinin-like sequence (Als) family vignettes: a review of als protein structure and function. Front Microbiol 15(7):280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00280","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"13469_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1186\/s13062-024-00570-2","volume":"19","author":"WL Huang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huang WL, Chen CL, Lin ZJ, Hsieh CC, Hua MD, Cheng CC, Cheng TH, Lai LJ, Chang CR (2024) Soft X-ray tomography analysis of mitochondria dynamics in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biol Direct 19(1):126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13062-024-00570-2","journal-title":"Biol Direct"},{"issue":"4935","key":"13469_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2531466","volume":"246","author":"WD Huse","year":"1989","unstructured":"Huse WD, Sastry L, Iverson SA, Kang AS, Alting-Mees M, Burton DR, Benkovic SJ, Lerner RA (1989) Generation of a large combinatorial library of the immunoglobulin repertoire in phage lambda. Science 246(4935):1275\u20131281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.2531466","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5259","key":"13469_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1038\/227680a0","volume":"227","author":"UK Laemmli","year":"1970","unstructured":"Laemmli UK (1970) Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature 227(5259):680\u2013685. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/227680a0","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"13469_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lee CH, Huang PN, Mwale PF, Wang WC, Leu SJ, Tseng SN, Shih SR, Chiang LC, Mao YC, Tsai BY, Dlamini NB, Nguyen TC, Tsai CH, Yang YY (2022) The bottlenecks of preparing virus particles by size exclusion for antibody generation. Int J Mol Sci 23(21):12967. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms232112967","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232112967"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"13469_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-016-9997-3","volume":"181","author":"Y Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li Y, Du M, Chen LA, Liu Y, Liang Z (2016) Nosocomial bloodstream infection due to Candida spp. in China: species distribution, clinical features, and outcomes. Mycopathologia 181(7\u20138):485\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11046-016-9997-3","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"13469_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu C, Xu C, Du Y, Liu J, Ning Y (2021) Role of agglutinin-like sequence protein 3 (Als3) in the structure and antifungal resistance of Candida albicans biofilms. FEMS Microbiol Lett 368(14):fnab089. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/femsle\/fnab089","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnab089"},{"issue":"2","key":"13469_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00279-10","volume":"10","author":"Y Liu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Liu Y, Filler SG (2011) Candida albicans Als3, a multifunctional adhesin and invasin. Eukaryot Cell 10(2):168\u2013173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/EC.00279-10","journal-title":"Eukaryot Cell"},{"issue":"6","key":"13469_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1097\/aog.0b013e31827307b2","volume":"120","author":"D Marchaim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Marchaim D, Lemanek L, Bheemreddy S, Kaye KS, Sobel JD (2012) Fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans vulvovaginitis. Obstet Gynecol 120(6):1407\u20131414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/aog.0b013e31827307b2","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"13469_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bioeng.2.1.339","volume":"2","author":"J Maynard","year":"2000","unstructured":"Maynard J, Georgiou G (2000) Antibody engineering. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2:339\u2013376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.bioeng.2.1.339","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"3","key":"13469_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1089\/10966200260398198","volume":"5","author":"Y Mine","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mine Y, Kovacs-Nolan J (2002) Chicken egg yolk antibodies as therapeutics in enteric infectious disease: a review. J Med Food 5(3):159\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/10966200260398198","journal-title":"J Med Food"},{"issue":"11","key":"13469_CR29","first-page":"950","volume":"76","author":"G Morace","year":"2010","unstructured":"Morace G, Borghi E (2010) Fungal infections in ICU patients: epidemiology and the role of diagnostics. Minerva Anestesiol 76(11):950\u2013956","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol"},{"issue":"17","key":"13469_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4206","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14174206","volume":"14","author":"P Munoz-Lopez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Munoz-Lopez P, Ribas-Aparicio RM, Becerra-Baez EI, Fraga-Perez K, Flores-Martinez LF, Mateos-Chavez AA, Luria-Perez R (2022) Single-chain fragment variable: recent progress in cancer diagnosis and therapy. Cancers (Basel) 14(17):4206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers14174206","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"10","key":"13469_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2015.07.001","volume":"60","author":"Y Ning","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ning Y, Ling J, Wu CD (2015) Synergistic effects of tea catechin epigallocatechin gallate and antimycotics against oral Candida species. Arch Oral Biol 60(10):1565\u20131570. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2015.07.001","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"13469_CR32","first-page":"017","volume":"1","author":"S Pandey","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pandey S (2010) Hybridoma technology for production of monoclonal antibodies. Hybridoma 1(2):017","journal-title":"Hybridoma"},{"issue":"1","key":"13469_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules19011085molecules19011085","volume":"19","author":"E Paramythiotou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Paramythiotou E, Frantzeskaki F, Flevari A, Armaganidis A, Dimopoulos G (2014) Invasive fungal infections in the ICU: how to approach, how to treat. Molecules 19(1):1085\u20131119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules19011085molecules19011085","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"5","key":"13469_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-005-0682-8","volume":"27","author":"KJ Park","year":"2005","unstructured":"Park KJ, Park DW, Kim CH, Han BK, Park TS, Han JY, Lillehoj HS, Kim JK (2005) Development and characterization of a recombinant chicken single-chain Fv antibody detecting Eimeria acervulina sporozoite antigen. Biotechnol Lett 27(5):289\u2013295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10529-005-0682-8","journal-title":"Biotechnol Lett"},{"issue":"1","key":"13469_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14949","volume":"131","author":"R Pereira","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pereira R, Dos Santos Fontenelle RO, de Brito EHS, de Morais SM (2021) Biofilm of Candida albicans: formation, regulation and resistance. J Appl Microbiol 131(1):11\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jam.14949","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"13469_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.11.001","volume":"125","author":"MA Pfaller","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pfaller MA (2012) Antifungal drug resistance: mechanisms, epidemiology, and consequences for treatment. Am J Med 125(1 Suppl):S3-13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.11.001","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"13469_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2008.00687.x","volume":"37","author":"E Pinto","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pinto E, Ribeiro IC, Ferreira NJ, Fortes CE, Fonseca PA, Figueiral MH (2008) Correlation between enzyme production, germ tube formation and susceptibility to fluconazole in Candida species isolated from patients with denture-related stomatitis and control individuals. J Oral Pathol Med 37(10):587\u2013592. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2008.00687.x","journal-title":"J Oral Pathol Med"},{"key":"13469_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697876","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.697876","volume":"11","author":"KDR Roth","year":"2021","unstructured":"Roth KDR, Wenzel EV, Ruschig M, Steinke S, Langreder N, Heine PA, Schneider KT, Ballmann R, Fuhner V, Kuhn P, Schirrmann T, Frenzel A, Dubel S, Schubert M, Moreira G, Bertoglio F, Russo G, Hust M (2021) Developing recombinant antibodies by phage display against infectious diseases and toxins for diagnostics and therapy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 11:697876. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2021.697876","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"13469_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.4103\/2277-9175.183666","volume":"5","author":"S Roudbarmohammadi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Roudbarmohammadi S, Roudbary M, Bakhshi B, Katiraee F, Mohammadi R, Falahati M (2016) ALS1 and ALS3 gene expression and biofilm formation in Candida albicans isolated from vulvovaginal candidiasis. Adv Biomed Res 5:105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/2277-9175.183666","journal-title":"Adv Biomed Res"},{"key":"13469_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002406","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1002406","volume":"12","author":"SR Sahu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sahu SR, Bose S, Singh M, Kumari P, Dutta A, Utkalaja BG, Patel SK, Acharya N (2022) Vaccines against candidiasis: status, challenges and emerging opportunity. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 12:1002406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1002406","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"13469_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2011.05.006","volume":"4","author":"L Sekhavat","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sekhavat L, Tabatabaii A, Tezerjani FZ (2011) Oral fluconazole 150 mg single dose versus intra-vaginal clotrimazole treatment of acute vulvovaginal candidiasis. J Infect Public Health 4(4):195\u2013199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jiph.2011.05.006","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"13469_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1007460","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007460","volume":"15","author":"S Singh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Singh S, Uppuluri P, Mamouei Z, Alqarihi A, Elhassan H, French S, Lockhart SR, Chiller T, Edwards JE Jr, Ibrahim AS (2019) The NDV-3A vaccine protects mice from multidrug resistant Candida auris infection. PLoS Pathog 15(8):e1007460. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007460","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"4705","key":"13469_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1126\/science.4001944","volume":"228","author":"GP Smith","year":"1985","unstructured":"Smith GP (1985) Filamentous fusion phage: novel expression vectors that display cloned antigens on the virion surface. Science 228(4705):1315\u20131317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.4001944","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"10","key":"13469_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2636","volume":"9","author":"PE Sudbery","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sudbery PE (2011) Growth of Candida albicans hyphae. Nat Rev Microbiol 9(10):737\u2013748. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrmicro2636","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"43","key":"13469_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.08.082","volume":"35","author":"X Sui","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sui X, Yan L, Jiang YY (2017) The vaccines and antibodies associated with Als3p for treatment of Candida albicans infections. Vaccine 35(43):5786\u20135793. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.08.082","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"13469_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sztukowska MN, Dutton LC, Delaney C, Ramsdale M, Ramage G, Jenkinson HF, Nobbs AH, Lamont RJ (2018) Community development between Porphyromonas gingivalis and Candida albicans mediated by InlJ and Als3. mBio 9(2):e00202-18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mBio.00202-18","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00202-18"},{"issue":"12","key":"13469_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-012-2695-9","volume":"38","author":"A Tabah","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tabah A, Koulenti D, Laupland K, Misset B, Valles J, Bruzzi de Carvalho F, Paiva JA, Cakar N, Ma X, Eggimann P, Antonelli M, Bonten MJ, Csomos A, Krueger WA, Mikstacki A, Lipman J, Depuydt P, Vesin A, Garrouste-Orgeas M, Zahar JR, Blot S, Carlet J, Brun-Buisson C, Martin C, Rello J, Dimopoulos G, Timsit JF (2012) Characteristics and determinants of outcome of hospital-acquired bloodstream infections in intensive care units: the EUROBACT international cohort study. Intensive Care Med 38(12):1930\u20131945. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-012-2695-9","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"13469_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2017.02.002","volume":"198","author":"Y Tong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tong Y, Tang J (2017) Candida albicans infection and intestinal immunity. Microbiol Res 198:27\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micres.2017.02.002","journal-title":"Microbiol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"13469_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s43556-022-00100-4","volume":"3","author":"Z Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang Z, Wang G, Lu H, Li H, Tang M, Tong A (2022) Development of therapeutic antibodies for the treatment of diseases. Mol Biomed 3(1):35. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s43556-022-00100-4","journal-title":"Mol Biomed"},{"issue":"13","key":"13469_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5053","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c09180","volume":"71","author":"H Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang H, Zhong Q, Lin J (2023) Egg yolk antibody for passive immunization: status, challenges, and prospects. J Agric Food Chem 71(13):5053\u20135061. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c09180","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"issue":"3","key":"13469_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1086\/421946","volume":"39","author":"H Wisplinghoff","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wisplinghoff H, Bischoff T, Tallent SM, Seifert H, Wenzel RP, Edmond MB (2004) Nosocomial bloodstream infections in US hospitals: analysis of 24,179 cases from a prospective nationwide surveillance study. Clin Infect Dis 39(3):309\u2013317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/421946","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"13469_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/s1074-7613(00)00006-6","volume":"13","author":"JL Xu","year":"2000","unstructured":"Xu JL, Davis MM (2000) Diversity in the CDR3 region of V(H) is sufficient for most antibody specificities. Immunity 13(1):37\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1074-7613(00)00006-6","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"13469_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/pdb.top108210","author":"H Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang H, Chae J, Kim H, Noh J, Chung J (2024) Generation of chicken antibody libraries and selection of antigen binders. Cold Spring Harb Protoc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/pdb.top108210","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Protoc"},{"key":"13469_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S40160","volume":"10","author":"N Yapar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yapar N (2014) Epidemiology and risk factors for invasive candidiasis. Ther Clin Risk Manag 10:95\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/TCRM.S40160","journal-title":"Ther Clin Risk Manag"},{"issue":"Pt 7","key":"13469_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2415","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.26943-0","volume":"150","author":"X Zhao","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zhao X, Oh SH, Cheng G, Green CB, Nuessen JA, Yeater K, Leng RP, Brown AJP, Hoyer LL (2004) ALS3 and ALS8 represent a single locus that encodes a Candida albicans adhesin; functional comparisons between Als3p and Als1p. Microbiology (reading) 150(Pt 7):2415\u20132428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/mic.0.26943-0","journal-title":"Microbiology (reading)"},{"issue":"35","key":"13469_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14194","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1117676109","volume":"109","author":"W Zhu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhu W, Phan QT, Boontheung P, Solis NV, Loo JA, Filler SG (2012) EGFR and HER2 receptor kinase signaling mediate epithelial cell invasion by Candida albicans during oropharyngeal infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109(35):14194\u201314199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1117676109","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"}],"container-title":["Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00253-025-13469-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00253-025-13469-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00253-025-13469-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T12:30:50Z","timestamp":1770294650000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00253-025-13469-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["13469"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00253-025-13469-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-0614"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-0614","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 March 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 March 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 April 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The 24-week-old White Leghorn female chickens were housed under approved conditions in the animal center at Taipei Medical University. Experimental procedures involving female Brown ISA chickens (\n                      Gallus gallus domesticus\n                      ) adhered to the standards established by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Taipei Medical University (IACUC approval number: LAC-2017\u20130343, valid from 1 June 2018 to 31 May 2020).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"85"}}