{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T19:21:48Z","timestamp":1791573708767,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746489600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023288","name":"Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Kieferorthop\u00e4die","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023288","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001734","name":"Copenhagen University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001734","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this pilot study, we investigated the bacterial changes introduced on the subgingival, tongue, and saliva microbiota during fixed orthodontic treatment, with or without daily administration of nitrate-containing beet juice for 2\u00a0weeks in 22 individuals with good general health. We followed clinical parameters in combination with microbiota changes before, after 2\u00a0weeks, and after 6\u00a0months of treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances. In accordance with variations in community composition at the sampling sites, effects to orthodontic treatment differed. Subgingival communities responded promptly to orthodontic treatment with no additional structural changes over time, whereas saliva and tongue communities were affected only after extended treatment. Periodontal pathogens such as\n                      <jats:italic>Selenomonas sputigena<\/jats:italic>\n                      were enriched in subgingival communities, whereas\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                      was enriched in saliva. Specifically,\n                      <jats:italic>Rothia mucilaginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      increased tremendously in relative abundance in both tongue and saliva communities. The effect of beet juice on microbial composition was significant in subgingival samples even though the differences were not mirrored in single differentially distributed genera or species. This indicates changes in the complete subgingival microbial net of interacting species. However, the prevention of\n                      <jats:italic>Corynebacterium matruchotii<\/jats:italic>\n                      enrichment by beet juice may be important for prevention of biofilm formation. Enrichment of\n                      <jats:italic>Neisseria flavescens<\/jats:italic>\n                      group bacteria and\n                      <jats:italic>Abiotrophia<\/jats:italic>\n                      and depletion of different\n                      <jats:italic>Actinomyces<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Stomatobaculum<\/jats:italic>\n                      were observed on tongue communities. We conclude that subgingival microbiota are rapidly affected by fixed orthodontic appliances and can be positively influenced by regular administration of nitrate-containing juice.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>\u2022 The subgingival site, tongue, and saliva contain different microbiota<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>\u2022 The microbiota react differently to orthodontic treatment and beet juice<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>\u2022 Key genera and species affected by treatments were identified<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-025-13496-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T16:33:26Z","timestamp":1746549206000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Influence of orthodontic appliances and nitrate on the oral microbiota"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"109","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6412-8877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Reichardt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Eigenthaler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul-Georg","family":"Jost-Brinkmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelika","family":"Stellzig-Eisenhauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlalberta","family":"Verna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iris","family":"Plumeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silke","family":"Kahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Howard","family":"Junca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramiro","family":"Vilchez-Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dietmar H.","family":"Pieper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"13496_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/0889-5406(91)70071-4","volume":"100","author":"SA Alexander","year":"1991","unstructured":"Alexander SA (1991) Effects of orthodontic attachments on the gingival health of permanent second molars. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 100:337\u2013340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0889-5406(91)70071-4","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"13496_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1177\/23800844231199393","volume":"9","author":"E Babikow","year":"2024","unstructured":"Babikow E, Ghaltakhchyan N, Livingston T, Qu Y, Liu C, Hoxie A, Sulkowski T, Bocklage C, Marsh A, Phillips ST, Mitchell KB, Ribeiro AA, Jackson TH, Roach J, Wu D, Divaris K, Jacox LA (2024) Longitudinal microbiome changes in supragingival biofilm transcriptomes induced by orthodontics. JDR Clin Trans Res 9:265\u2013276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/23800844231199393","journal-title":"JDR Clin Trans Res"},{"key":"13496_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-023-00963-6","volume":"22","author":"JL Baker","year":"2024","unstructured":"Baker JL, Mark Welch JL, Kauffman KM, McLean JS, He X (2024) The oral microbiome: diversity, biogeography and human health. Nat Rev Microbiol 22:89\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41579-023-00963-6","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"13496_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869","volume":"13","author":"BJ Callahan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Callahan BJ, McMurdie PJ, Rosen MJ, Han AW, Johnson AJ, Holmes SP (2016) DADA2: high-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data. Nat Methods 13:581\u2013583. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nmeth.3869","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"13496_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2939","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.12362","volume":"16","author":"A Camarinha-Silva","year":"2014","unstructured":"Camarinha-Silva A, Jauregui R, Chaves-Moreno D, Oxley AP, Schaumburg F, Becker K, Wos-Oxley ML, Pieper DH (2014) Comparing the anterior nare bacterial community of two discrete human populations using Illumina amplicon sequencing. Environ Microbiol 16:2939\u20132952. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1462-2920.12362","journal-title":"Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"13496_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S74","DOI":"10.1002\/jper.17-0719","volume":"89 Suppl 1","author":"ILC Chapple","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chapple ILC, Mealey BL, Van Dyke TE, Bartold PM, Dommisch H, Eickholz P, Geisinger ML, Genco RJ, Glogauer M, Goldstein M, Griffin TJ, Holmstrup P, Johnson GK, Kapila Y, Lang NP, Meyle J, Murakami S, Plemons J, Romito GA, Shapira L, Tatakis DN, Teughels W, Trombelli L, Walter C, Wimmer G, Xenoudi P, Yoshie H (2018) Periodontal health and gingival diseases and conditions on an intact and a reduced periodontium: consensus report of workgroup 1 of the 2017 World workshop on the classification of periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions. J Periodontol 89 Suppl 1:S74-s84. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jper.17-0719","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"13496_CR7","first-page":"43","volume":"22","author":"CJ Charles","year":"1994","unstructured":"Charles CJ, Charles AH (1994) Periodontal screening and recording. J Calif Dent Assoc 22:43\u201346","journal-title":"J Calif Dent Assoc"},{"key":"13496_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12534","volume":"25","author":"I Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen I, Chung J, Vella R, Weinstock GM, Zhou Y, Jheon AH (2022) Alterations in subgingival microbiota during full-fixed appliance orthodontic treatment - a prospective study. Orthod Craniofac Res 25:260\u2013268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ocr.12534","journal-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res"},{"key":"13496_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D633","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt1244","volume":"42","author":"JR Cole","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cole JR, Wang Q, Fish JA, Chai B, McGarrell DM, Sun Y, Brown CT, Porras-Alfaro A, Kuske CR, Tiedje JM (2014) Ribosomal Database Project: data and tools for high throughput rRNA analysis. Nucleic Acids Res 42:D633-642. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gkt1244","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"13496_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-023-02805-x","volume":"21","author":"LG Dos Anjos Borges","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dos Anjos Borges LG, Pastuschek J, Heimann Y, Dawczynski K, group Ps, Schleussner E, Pieper DH, Zollkau J (2023) Vaginal and neonatal microbiota in pregnant women with preterm premature rupture of membranes and consecutive early onset neonatal sepsis. BMC Med 21:92. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-023-02805-x","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"13496_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2024.07.002","author":"L du Toit","year":"2024","unstructured":"du Toit L, Sundqvist ML, Redondo-Rio A, Brookes Z, Casas-Agustench P, Hickson M, Benavente A, Montagut G, Weitzberg E, Gabaldon T, Lundberg JO, Bescos R (2024) The effect of dietary nitrate on the oral microbiome and salivary biomarkers in individuals with high blood pressure. J Nutr. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tjnut.2024.07.002","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"13496_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E2875","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1409644111","volume":"111","author":"AM Eren","year":"2014","unstructured":"Eren AM, Borisy GG, Huse SM, Mark Welch JL (2014) Oligotyping analysis of the human oral microbiome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111:E2875-2884. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1409644111","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"13496_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-017-0378-1","volume":"17","author":"R Guo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Guo R, Lin Y, Zheng Y, Li W (2017) The microbial changes in subgingival plaques of orthodontic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. BMC Oral Health 17:90. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-017-0378-1","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"13496_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-018-1610-1","volume":"76","author":"R Guo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Guo R, Liu H, Li X, Yang Q, Jia L, Zheng Y, Li W (2019) Subgingival microbial changes during the first 3 months of fixed appliance treatment in female adult patients. Curr Microbiol 76:213\u2013221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00284-018-1610-1","journal-title":"Curr Microbiol"},{"key":"13496_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.1994.tb00020.x","volume":"5","author":"AD Haffajee","year":"1994","unstructured":"Haffajee AD, Socransky SS (1994) Microbial etiological agents of destructive periodontal diseases. Periodontol 2000 5:78\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0757.1994.tb00020.x","journal-title":"Periodontol 2000"},{"key":"13496_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780090710","volume":"9","author":"Y Hochberg","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hochberg Y, Benjamini Y (1990) More powerful procedures for multiple significance testing. Stat Med 9:811\u2013818. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sim.4780090710","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"13496_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12542","volume":"43","author":"Y Jockel-Schneider","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jockel-Schneider Y, Gossner SK, Petersen N, Stolzel P, Hagele F, Schweiggert RM, Haubitz I, Eigenthaler M, Carle R, Schlagenhauf U (2016) Stimulation of the nitrate-nitrite-NO-metabolism by repeated lettuce juice consumption decreases gingival inflammation in periodontal recall patients: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Clin Periodontol 43:603\u2013608. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpe.12542","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"13496_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.20-0778","volume":"92","author":"Y Jockel-Schneider","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jockel-Schneider Y, Schlagenhauf U, Stolzel P, Gossner S, Carle R, Ehmke B, Prior K, Hagenfeld D (2021) Nitrate-rich diet alters the composition of the oral microbiota in periodontal recall patients. J Periodontol 92:1536\u20131545. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/JPER.20-0778","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"13496_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5029","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13036-1","volume":"10","author":"JS Johnson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Johnson JS, Spakowicz DJ, Hong BY, Petersen LM, Demkowicz P, Chen L, Leopold SR, Hanson BM, Agresta HO, Gerstein M, Sodergren E, Weinstock GM (2019) Evaluation of 16S rRNA gene sequencing for species and strain-level microbiome analysis. Nat Commun 10:5029. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-019-13036-1","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"13496_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21989","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-78971-2","volume":"10","author":"I Kado","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kado I, Hisatsune J, Tsuruda K, Tanimoto K, Sugai M (2020) The impact of fixed orthodontic appliances on oral microbiome dynamics in Japanese patients. Sci Rep 10:21989. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-78971-2","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"13496_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2016.865","volume":"221","author":"M Kilian","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kilian M, Chapple IL, Hannig M, Marsh PD, Meuric V, Pedersen AM, Tonetti MS, Wade WG, Zaura E (2016) The oral microbiome - an update for oral healthcare professionals. Br Dent J 221:657\u2013666. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.bdj.2016.865","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"key":"13496_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.2319\/030311-156.1","volume":"82","author":"SH Kim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kim SH, Choi DS, Jang I, Cha BK, Jost-Brinkmann PG, Song JS (2012) Microbiologic changes in subgingival plaque before and during the early period of orthodontic treatment. Angle Orthod 82:254\u2013260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2319\/030311-156.1","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"13496_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2006.00187.x","volume":"42","author":"PE Kolenbrander","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kolenbrander PE, Palmer RJ Jr, Rickard AH, Jakubovics NS, Chalmers NI, Diaz PI (2006) Bacterial interactions and successions during plaque development. Periodontol 2000 42:47\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2006.00187.x","journal-title":"Periodontol 2000"},{"key":"13496_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0137318","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137318","volume":"10","author":"JE Koopman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Koopman JE, van der Kaaij NC, Buijs MJ, Elyassi Y, van der Veen MH, Crielaard W, Ten Cate JM, Zaura E (2015) The effect of fixed orthodontic appliances and fluoride mouthwash on the oral microbiome of adolescents - a randomized controlled clinical trial. PLoS One 10:e0137318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0137318","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"13496_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3665","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00317-06","volume":"44","author":"PS Kumar","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kumar PS, Leys EJ, Bryk JM, Martinez FJ, Moeschberger ML, Griffen AL (2006) Changes in periodontal health status are associated with bacterial community shifts as assessed by quantitative 16S cloning and sequencing. J Clin Microbiol 44:3665\u20133673. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.00317-06","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"13496_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s003940050030","volume":"37","author":"J Linseisen","year":"1998","unstructured":"Linseisen J, Gedrich K, Karg G, Wolfram G (1998) Sucrose Intake in Germany. Z Ernahrungswiss 37:303\u2013314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s003940050030","journal-title":"Z Ernahrungswiss"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"13496_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1967.38.6.610","volume":"38","author":"H Loe","year":"1967","unstructured":"Loe H (1967) The gingival index, the plaque index and the retention index systems. J Periodontol 38(Suppl):610\u2013616. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1902\/jop.1967.38.6.610","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"13496_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2004.04.027","volume":"37","author":"JO Lundberg","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lundberg JO, Govoni M (2004) Inorganic nitrate is a possible source for systemic generation of nitric oxide. Free Radic Biol Med 37:395\u2013400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2004.04.027","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"13496_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.06.007","volume":"28","author":"JO Lundberg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lundberg JO, Carlstrom M, Weitzberg E (2018) Metabolic effects of dietary nitrate in health and disease. Cell Metab 28:9\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.06.007","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"13496_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E791","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1522149113","volume":"113","author":"JL Mark Welch","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mark Welch JL, Rossetti BJ, Rieken CW, Dewhirst FE, Borisy GG (2016) Biogeography of a human oral microbiome at the micron scale. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 113:E791-800. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1522149113","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"13496_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-090817-062503","volume":"73","author":"JL Mark Welch","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mark Welch JL, Dewhirst FE, Borisy GG (2019) Biogeography of the oral microbiome: the site-specialist hypothesis. Annu Rev Microbiol 73:335\u2013358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-micro-090817-062503","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"13496_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1111\/omi.12387","volume":"37","author":"AR McLean","year":"2022","unstructured":"McLean AR, Torres-Morales J, Dewhirst FE, Borisy GG, Mark Welch JL (2022) Site-tropism of streptococci in the oral microbiome. Mol Oral Microbiol 37:229\u2013243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/omi.12387","journal-title":"Mol Oral Microbiol"},{"key":"13496_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s13105-020-00757-x","volume":"77","author":"M Minty","year":"2021","unstructured":"Minty M, Loubieres P, Canceill T, Azalbert V, Burcelin R, Terce F, Blasco-Baque V (2021) Gender-associated differences in oral microbiota and salivary biochemical parameters in response to feeding. J Physiol Biochem 77:155\u2013166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13105-020-00757-x","journal-title":"J Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"13496_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1159\/000510193","volume":"29","author":"LK M\u00fcller","year":"2021","unstructured":"M\u00fcller LK, Jungbauer G, Jungbauer R, Wolf M, Deschner J (2021) Biofilm and orthodontic therapy. Monogr Oral Sci 29:201\u2013213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000510193","journal-title":"Monogr Oral Sci"},{"key":"13496_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28034-z","volume":"13","author":"JT Nearing","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nearing JT, Douglas GM, Hayes MG, MacDonald J, Desai DK, Allward N, Jones CMA, Wright RJ, Dhanani AS, Comeau AM, Langille MGI (2022) Microbiome differential abundance methods produce different results across 38 datasets. Nat Commun 13:342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-022-28034-z","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"13496_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1653124","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2019.1653124","volume":"11","author":"S Ortiz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ortiz S, Herrman E, Lyashenko C, Purcell A, Raslan K, Khor B, Snow M, Forsyth A, Choi D, Maier T, Machida CA (2019) Sex-specific differences in the salivary microbiome of caries-active children. J Oral Microbiol 11:1653124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20002297.2019.1653124","journal-title":"J Oral Microbiol"},{"key":"13496_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5607","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.004332","volume":"70","author":"AC Parte","year":"2020","unstructured":"Parte AC, Sarda Carbasse J, Meier-Kolthoff JP, Reimer LC, Goker M (2020) List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) moves to the DSMZ. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 70:5607\u20135612. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/ijsem.0.004332","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"13496_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D590","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1219","volume":"41","author":"C Quast","year":"2013","unstructured":"Quast C, Pruesse E, Yilmaz P, Gerken J, Schweer T, Yarza P, Peplies J, Glockner FO (2013) The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools. Nucleic Acids Res 41:D590-596. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gks1219","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"13496_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2006.01.018","volume":"130","author":"Z Rafe","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rafe Z, Vardimon A, Ashkenazi M (2006) Comparative study of 3 types of toothbrushes in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 130:92\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajodo.2006.01.018","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"13496_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-017-0271-9","volume":"5","author":"S Rath","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rath S, Heidrich B, Pieper DH, Vital M (2017) Uncovering the trimethylamine-producing bacteria of the human gut microbiota. Microbiome 5:54. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40168-017-0271-9","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"13496_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2018.12.018","volume":"156","author":"E Reichardt","year":"2019","unstructured":"Reichardt E, Geraci J, Sachse S, Rodel J, Pfister W, Loffler B, Wagner Y, Eigenthaler M, Wolf M (2019) Qualitative and quantitative changes in the oral bacterial flora occur shortly after implementation of fixed orthodontic appliances. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 156:735\u2013744. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajodo.2018.12.018","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"13496_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12895","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69931-x","volume":"10","author":"BT Rosier","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rosier BT, Buetas E, Moya-Gonzalvez EM, Artacho A, Mira A (2020) Nitrate as a potential prebiotic for the oral microbiome. Sci Rep 10:12895. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-69931-x","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"13496_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692883","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.692883","volume":"11","author":"BT Rosier","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rosier BT, Palazon C, Garcia-Esteban S, Artacho A, Galiana A, Mira A (2021) A single dose of nitrate increases resilience against acidification derived from sugar fermentation by the oral microbiome. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 11:692883. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2021.692883","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"13496_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345221080982","volume":"101","author":"BT Rosier","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rosier BT, Takahashi N, Zaura E, Krom BP, MartInez-Espinosa RM, van Breda SGJ, Marsh PD, Mira A (2022) The importance of nitrate reduction for oral health. J Dent Res 101:887\u2013897. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00220345221080982","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"13496_CR45","first-page":"905","volume":"85","author":"UP Saxer","year":"1975","unstructured":"Saxer UP, Muhlemann HR (1975) Motivation and education. SSO Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnheilkd 85:905\u2013919","journal-title":"SSO Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnheilkd"},{"key":"13496_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03534-14","volume":"81","author":"SP Szafranski","year":"2015","unstructured":"Szafranski SP, Wos-Oxley ML, Vilchez-Vargas R, Jauregui R, Plumeier I, Klawonn F, Tomasch J, Meisinger C, Kuhnisch J, Sztajer H, Pieper DH, Wagner-Dobler I (2015) High-resolution taxonomic profiling of the subgingival microbiome for biomarker discovery and periodontitis diagnosis. Appl Environ Microbiol 81:1047\u20131058. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AEM.03534-14","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"13496_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2013.10.008","volume":"41","author":"J van der Horst","year":"2013","unstructured":"van der Horst J, Buijs MJ, Laine ML, Wismeijer D, Loos BG, Crielaard W, Zaura E (2013) Sterile paper points as a bacterial DNA-contamination source in microbiome profiles of clinical samples. J Dent 41:1297\u20131301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jdent.2013.10.008","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"key":"13496_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.05.078","volume":"124","author":"A Vanhatalo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vanhatalo A, Blackwell JR, L\u2019Heureux JE, Williams DW, Smith A, van der Giezen M, Winyard PG, Kelly J, Jones AM (2018) Nitrate-responsive oral microbiome modulates nitric oxide homeostasis and blood pressure in humans. Free Radic Biol Med 124:21\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.05.078","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"13496_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.116244","volume":"103","author":"S Velmurugan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Velmurugan S, Gan JM, Rathod KS, Khambata RS, Ghosh SM, Hartley A, Van Eijl S, Sagi-Kiss V, Chowdhury TA, Curtis M, Kuhnle GG, Wade WG, Ahluwalia A (2016) Dietary nitrate improves vascular function in patients with hypercholesterolemia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Clin Nutr 103:25\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/ajcn.115.116244","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"13496_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12733","volume":"27","author":"M Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang M, Chen J, Wang Z, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Feng Q, Wei F (2024) Salivary microbiomes vary among orthodontic appliances and associate with clinical periodontal parameters. Orthod Craniofac Res 27:174\u2013184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ocr.12733","journal-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res"},{"key":"13496_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2015.03.005","volume":"42","author":"J Wruss","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wruss J, Waldenberger G, Huemer S, Uygun P, Lanzerstorfer P, M\u00fcller U, H\u00f6glinger O, Weghuber J (2015) Compositional characteristics of commercial beetroot products and beetroot juice prepared from seven beetroot varieties grown in Upper Austria. J Food Compos Anal 42:46\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfca.2015.03.005","journal-title":"J Food Compos Anal"},{"key":"13496_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD002281","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002281.pub3","volume":"2014","author":"M Yaacob","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yaacob M, Worthington HV, Deacon SA, Deery C, Walmsley AD, Robinson PG, Glenny AM (2014) Powered versus manual toothbrushing for oral health. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014:CD002281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD002281.pub3","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"13496_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.1971.tb02028.x","volume":"79","author":"BU Zachrisson","year":"1971","unstructured":"Zachrisson BU, Zachrisson S (1971) Caries incidence and oral hygiene during orthodontic treatment. Scand J Dent Res 79:394\u2013401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0722.1971.tb02028.x","journal-title":"Scand J Dent Res"},{"key":"13496_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10446","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.10446","volume":"8","author":"M Zhao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhao M, Liu M, Chen W, Zhang H, Bai Y, Ren W (2020) Salivary microbial changes during the first 6 months of orthodontic treatment. PeerJ 8:e10446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.10446","journal-title":"PeerJ"}],"container-title":["Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00253-025-13496-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00253-025-13496-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00253-025-13496-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T12:31:36Z","timestamp":1770294696000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00253-025-13496-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["13496"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00253-025-13496-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-0614"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-0614","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 April 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 April 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 May 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committees of the University of Wuerzburg, Germany, and Northwest and Central Switzerland (trial register: 185\u20132017; 2019\u201301896). All parents\/legal guardians of the participants signed informed consent before participation.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"111"}}