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This study investigated the effect of structurally different SCCA\/SCALC with two-carbon (acetic acid; phenylacetic acid; 2-phenylethanol), three-carbon (propionic acid; 3-phenylpropionic acid; 3-phenylpropanol), and three-carbon chain with an additional hydroxyl group (lactic acid; 3-phenyllactic acid; 1-phenylpropanol) on the fitness, metabolic activity and gene expression of the pathogen\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                      at pH 4.5. SCCA inhibited\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      at lower concentrations than SCALC with the exception of lactic acid, which was partly consumed. The presence of a phenyl group enhanced antimicrobial activity. SCCA but not SCALC increased the lag phase of\n                      <jats:italic>S. enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and in general, acetate was formed when cell growth was reduced by 20% suggesting a negative impact on bacteria fitness. Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering indicated distinct gene expression profiles of\n                      <jats:italic>S. enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                      in response to SCCA or SCALC. In the presence of certain SCCA\/SCALC,\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      activated pathways related to cellular pH control, and 1,2-propanediol, propionic acid and ethanolamine metabolism that involved the formation of metabolosomes. Genes related to flagellar assembly were less expressed and mobility was lower in the presence of lactic and 3-phenyllactic acid compared to controls suggesting a compound-specific response.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      \u2022\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>Differences in response among structurally different SCCA\/SCALC at acidic condition.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      \u2022\n                      <jats:italic>SCCA\/SCALC stress interfered with\u00a0cell growth and metabolism of acetic and propionic acid.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      \u2022\n                      <jats:italic>Lactic acid prolonged the lag phase and reduced motility of Salmonella.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-025-13608-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T05:55:14Z","timestamp":1761890114000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Structural properties of short-chain carboxylic acids and alcohols relate to the molecular and physiological response of Salmonella enterica in an acidic environment"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Ker-Sin","family":"Ng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Busche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"R\u00fcckert-Reed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Florencia","family":"Bambace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrik Kr\u00e6mer","family":"Sundekilde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clarissa","family":"Schwab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"13608_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3905","DOI":"10.1021\/jf070190y","volume":"55","author":"H-L Alakomi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Alakomi H-L, Puupponen-Pimi\u00e4 R, Aura A-M, Helander IM, Nohynek L, Oksman-Caldentey K-M, Saarela M (2007) Weakening of Salmonella with selected microbial metabolites of berry-derived phenolic compounds and organic acids. 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