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This study evaluated the biological activities of green-synthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO\u2082 NPs) using\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillus cereus<\/jats:italic>\n                      cell-free supernatant and titanium tetra-isopropoxide precursor. Nanoparticles were analyzed and standard methods were employed to evaluate the antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and cell cytotoxicity. UV\u2013Vis spectroscopy confirmed the synthesis of TiO\u2082 NPs with a characteristic peak at 360 nm. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed roughly spherical particles (8.8\u2009\u00b1\u20093 nm diameter). A Z-average hydrodynamic diameter of 328.1 nm (PDI, 0.439) was revealed by dynamic light scattering (DLS). According to the energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) results, oxygen was 42.39% and titanium was 45.93%. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement confirmed a crystalline anatase structure, with a prominent peak at 25.3\u00b0 2\u03b8. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) detected the characteristic Ti\u2013O-Ti and vibrational band at 403.31 cm\u207b\n                      <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                      . The nanoparticles demonstrated broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity with MICs of 78 \u03bcg\/mL (\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), 156 \u03bcg\/mL (\n                      <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), 625 \u03bcg\/mL (\n                      <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), and 2500 \u03bcg\/mL (\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus and P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). At sub-MIC concentrations, TiO\u2082 NPs reduced biofilm formation in\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      by roughly 65.72%\u2009\u00b1\u20090.01, in\n                      <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      by 50.91%\u2009\u00b1\u20090.02, and in\n                      <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      by 38.4%\u2009\u00b1\u20090.1. Cytotoxicity investigations revealed IC\u2085\u2080 values of 212.15 \u03bcg\/mL (Caco-2) and 342.96 \u03bcg\/mL (Vero cells), with a selectivity index of 1.62. Strong antiviral activity against HSV-1 was observed (74.74% inhibition at 60 \u00b5g\/mL, EC\u2085\u2080 = 17.41 \u00b5g\/mL, selectivity index = 19.7). Biogenic synthesis using\n                      <jats:italic>B. cereus<\/jats:italic>\n                      successfully produced highly crystalline, small-sized anatase TiO\u2082 nanoparticles demonstrating multifunctional biological activities including antimicrobial, antibiofilm, anticancer selectivity, and antiviral properties.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      \u2022\n                      <jats:italic>Green synthesis via B. cereus yielded crystalline anatase TiO\u2082 NPs with nanoscale dimensions.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      \u2022\n                      <jats:italic>TiO\u2082 NPs demonstrated broad antimicrobial\/antibiofilm effects and selective anticancer activity.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      \u2022\n                      <jats:italic>Strong antiviral potency against HSV-1 with excellent selectivity was observed<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-026-13771-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T03:45:05Z","timestamp":1774237505000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Evaluation of the biological activities of Bacillus cereus-synthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Marwa M. 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