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The desulfurization ability of the wild-type (wt) strain is limited due to repression of the\n                      <jats:italic>dsz<\/jats:italic>\n                      operon in the presence of bioavailable sulfur sources, including methionine and in some cases, sulfates, whereas genetic deletion of the reverse transsulfuration pathway enzymes, Cbs and MetB, alleviates this effect. Herein, we examined the growth and biodesulfurization activity of two genetically engineered\n                      <jats:italic>R. qingshengii<\/jats:italic>\n                      IGTS8 strains, \u0394\n                      <jats:italic>cbs<\/jats:italic>\n                      and \u0394\n                      <jats:italic>metB<\/jats:italic>\n                      , when grown in a stirred tank bioreactor in the presence of their preferred sulfur sources, sulfate and methionine, respectively. The \u0394\n                      <jats:italic>cbs<\/jats:italic>\n                      strain demonstrated the highest biomass concentration, but the lowest desulfurization activity, whereas \u0394\n                      <jats:italic>metB<\/jats:italic>\n                      , when grown in a repressive sulfur source, exhibited desulfurization activity comparable to that of the wt grown under non-repressive conditions. Investigation of the influence of ethanol and methionine supply for \u0394\n                      <jats:italic>metB<\/jats:italic>\n                      strain, highlighted carbon, and not sulfur concentration, as the critical factor for more efficient growth and desulfurization activity. The highest rates in batch mode were achieved in the presence of 165\u00a0mM ethanol and 2\u00a0mM methionine. Finally, fed-batch cultures of \u0394\n                      <jats:italic>metB<\/jats:italic>\n                      improved desulfurization efficiency up to 99.3% compared to batch mode, upon optimization of ethanol feeding rates. Thus, we identify carbon source as an important factor for process upscale, while dynamic control of nutrient supply may contribute to balancing biomass production and enzymatic activity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      \u2022\n                      <jats:italic>Recombinant R. qingshengii IGTS8 cultivated under sulfur-repression in bioreactors.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      \u2022\n                      <jats:italic>Carbon supply limits growth and desulfurization activity in batch cultures.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      \u2022\n                      <jats:italic>Fed-batch ethanol control boosts longevity, biomass, and desulfurization activity.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-026-13804-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T15:56:24Z","timestamp":1775490984000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enhanced biomass and desulfurization by recombinant Rhodococcus qingshengii IGTS8 in bioreactor cultures"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Olga","family":"Martzoukou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dimitra","family":"Breyanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander L.","family":"Savvides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amalia D.","family":"Karagouni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diomi","family":"Mamma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dimitris G.","family":"Hatzinikolaou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"13804_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.25148","volume":"111","author":"A Abin-Fuentes","year":"2014","unstructured":"Abin-Fuentes A, Leung JC, Mohamed MES, Wang DIC, Prather KLJ (2014) Rate-limiting step analysis of the microbial desulfurization of dibenzothiophene in a model oil system. 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