{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T23:41:21Z","timestamp":1792453281360,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784764800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":89,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous<\/jats:italic>\n                      is a basidiomycetous yeast capable of synthesizing astaxanthin, a powerful antioxidant carotenoid pigment. Despite appreciable research efforts, molecular tools for the genetic manipulation of this yeast remain limited. Inducible promoters are essential tools to control gene expression in response to external stimuli, such as molecules or stress signals. This regulation enables precise control of gene expression in synthetic biological systems, minimizing unwanted effects caused by constant gene expression. In the present work inducible promoters from the L-arabinitol dehydrogenase (\n                      <jats:italic>LAD<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), isocitrate lyase (\n                      <jats:italic>ICL<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), alpha glucosidase (\n                      <jats:italic>AG<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), glycerol kinase (\n                      <jats:italic>GUT1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), and xylitol dehydrogenase (\n                      <jats:italic>XDH<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) genes were screened and evaluated. The promoter sequences were cloned into a plasmid containing the encoding sequence for Enhanced Yellow Fluorescent Protein (\n                      <jats:italic>EYFP<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) for functional assessment. Promoter activity was quantified by fluorescence under induction and repression conditions in the engineered yeast cells. Among the promoters analyzed, only the\n                      <jats:italic>LAD<\/jats:italic>\n                      promoter led to high fluorescence under induction conditions, and low under repression. Yeast cells harboring the\n                      <jats:italic>LAD<\/jats:italic>\n                      promoter showed mostly an increasing fluorescence with culture time. Moreover, dose-response analyses with arabinose from 0.05 to 30\u00a0g\/L indicated that only 2.5\u00a0g\/L arabinose is needed to achieve maximum fluorescence from the yeast cells. Finally, we performed a two-stage culture of\n                      <jats:italic>X. dendrorhous<\/jats:italic>\n                      harboring the\n                      <jats:italic>LAD<\/jats:italic>\n                      promoter and arabinose as inducer for prospective novel practical applications. Overall, we believe that the\n                      <jats:italic>LAD<\/jats:italic>\n                      promoter is a promising tool for fine-tuning of protein expression in\n                      <jats:italic>X. dendrorhous<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>\n                            <jats:italic>A native arabinose-inducible promoter is disclosed in the yeast.<\/jats:italic>\n                          <\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>\n                            <jats:italic>LAD promoter exhibits a sensitive response to the inducer.<\/jats:italic>\n                          <\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>\n                            <jats:italic>A two-stage culture of X. dendrorhous allows first the accumulation biomass, and then the expression of EYFP.<\/jats:italic>\n                          <\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-026-13957-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T13:34:02Z","timestamp":1784813642000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A novel arabinose-inducible promoter in the carotenogenic yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Oscar Ulises","family":"Garc\u00eda-Flores","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodolfo","family":"Marsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandra","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Licona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Ponce-Noyola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis Bernardo","family":"Flores-Cotera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"13957_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-1356(03)00142-9","volume":"4","author":"T Alamae","year":"2003","unstructured":"Alamae T, Parn P, Viigand K, Karp H (2003) Regulation of the maltase gene promoter in H. polymorpha and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Yeast Res 4:165\u2013173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1567-1356(03)00142-9","journal-title":"FEMS Yeast Res"},{"key":"13957_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162838","volume":"11","author":"J Alca\u00edno","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alca\u00edno J, Bravo N, C\u00f3rdova P, Marcoleta AE, Contreras G, Barahona S, Sep\u00falveda D, Lobato MF, Baeza M, Cifuentes V (2016) The Involvement of Mig1 from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous in catabolic repression: an active mechanism contributing to the regulation of carotenoid production. PLoS ONE 11:e0162838. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0162838","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"13957_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1186\/s43141-022-00455-9","volume":"20","author":"Y Bartolo-Aguilar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bartolo-Aguilar Y, Ch\u00e1vez-Cabrera C, Flores-Cotera LB, Badillo-Corona JA, Oliver-Salvador C, Marsch R (2022) The potential of cold-shock promoters for the expression of recombinant proteins in microbes and mammalian cells. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 20:173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s43141-022-00455-9","journal-title":"J Genet Eng Biotechnol"},{"key":"13957_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.54.1.50-54.1988","volume":"54","author":"PA Bicho","year":"1988","unstructured":"Bicho PA, Runnals PL, Cunningham JD, Lee H (1988) Induction of xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase activities in Pachysolen tannophilus and Pichia stipitis on mixed sugars. Appl Environ Microbiol 54:50\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.54.1.50-54.1988","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"13957_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1128\/mcb.9.3.1316-1323.1989","volume":"9","author":"JM Cregg","year":"1989","unstructured":"Cregg JM, Madden KR, Barringer KJ, Thill GP, Stillman CA (1989) Functional characterization of the two alcohol oxidase genes from the yeast Pichia pastoris. Mol Cell Biol 9:1316\u20131323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mcb.9.3.1316-1323.1989","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"13957_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10040522","volume":"10","author":"S Davinelli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Davinelli S, Nielsen ME, Scapagnini G (2018) Astaxanthin in skin health, repair, and disease: a comprehensive review. Nutrients 10:522. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu10040522","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"13957_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003647","volume":"3","author":"C Engler","year":"2008","unstructured":"Engler C, Kandzia R, Marillonnet S (2008) A one pot, one step, precision cloning method with high throughput capability. PLoS ONE 3:e3647. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0003647","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"13957_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4391","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/27.22.4391","volume":"27","author":"M Grauslund","year":"1999","unstructured":"Grauslund M, Lopes JM, Ronnow B (1999) Expression of GUT1, which encodes glycerol kinase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is controlled by the positive regulators Adr1p, Ino2p and Ino4p and the negative regulator Opi1p in a carbon source-dependent fashion. Nucleic Acids Res 27:4391\u20134398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/27.22.4391","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"13957_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6787","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-014-5727-2","volume":"98","author":"KY Hara","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hara KY, Morita T, Endo Y, Mochizuki M, Araki M, Kondo A (2014a) Evaluation and screening of efficient promoters to improve astaxanthin production in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 98:6787\u20136793. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00253-014-5727-2","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"13957_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-014-0175-3","volume":"13","author":"KY Hara","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hara KY, Morita T, Mochizuki M, Yamamoto K, Ogino C, Araki M, Kondo A (2014b) Development of a multi-gene expression system in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. Microb Cell Fact 13:175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12934-014-0175-3","journal-title":"Microb Cell Fact"},{"key":"13957_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01666","volume":"7","author":"AMB Johns","year":"2016","unstructured":"Johns AMB, Love J, Aves SJ (2016) Four inducible promoters for controlled gene expression in the oleaginous yeast Rhodotorula toruloides. Front Microbiol 7:1666. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01666","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"13957_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Luna\u2010Flores CH, Wang A, Cui Z, Juhani von Hellen, Speight RE (2023) An enhanced electron transport chain improved astaxanthin production in Phaffia rhodozyma. Biotechnol Bioeng 120(5):1382\u20131398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bit.28332","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.28332"},{"key":"13957_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1567-1364.2010.00705.x","volume":"11","author":"L Miao","year":"2011","unstructured":"Miao L, Chi S, Tang Y, Su z, Yin T, Guan G, Li Y (2011) Astaxanthin biosynthesis is enhanced by high carotenogenic gene expression and decrease of fatty acids and ergosterol in a Phaffia rhodozyma mutant strain. FEMS Yeast Res 11:192\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1567-1364.2010.00705.x","journal-title":"FEMS Yeast Res"},{"key":"13957_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-7360-6","volume-title":"Carotenoids: biosynthetic and biofunctional approaches","author":"N Misawa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Misawa N (2021) Carotenoids: biosynthetic and biofunctional approaches. Springer, Singapore"},{"key":"13957_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pal\u00e1gyi ZS, Ferenczy L, V\u00e1gv\u00f6lgyi CS (2001) Carbon-source assimilation pattern of the astaxanthin-producing yeast Phaffia rhodozyma. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 17(1):95\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a:1016689512718","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1016689512718"},{"key":"13957_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-015-0278-5","volume":"14","author":"B Peng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Peng B, Williams TC, Henry M, Nielsen LK, Vickers CE (2015) Controlling heterologous gene expression in yeast cell factories on different carbon substrates and across the diauxic shift: a comparison of yeast promoter activities. Microb Cell Fact 14:91. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12934-015-0278-5","journal-title":"Microb Cell Fact"},{"key":"13957_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rajeshkannan, Mahilkar A, Saini S (2022) GAL Regulon in the yeast S. cerevisiae is highly evolvable via acquisition in the coding regions of the regulatory elements of the network. Front Mol Biosci 9:801011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmolb.2022.801011","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2022.801011"},{"key":"13957_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8071","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-022-02934-y","volume":"14","author":"YA Rangel-Basto","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rangel-Basto YA, Ramos-Valdivia AC, Rojas CMCG, Ponce-Noyola T (2024) Saccharified sugarcane bagasse as a substrate for astaxanthin production by Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. Biomass Conv Bioref 14:8071\u20138079. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13399-022-02934-y","journal-title":"Biomass Conv Bioref"},{"key":"13957_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40631","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M104022200","volume":"276","author":"P Richard","year":"2001","unstructured":"Richard P, Londesborough J, Putkonen M, Kalkkinen N (2001) Cloning and expression of a fungal l-arabinitol 4-dehydrogenase gene. J Biol Chem 276:40631\u201340637. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M104022200","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"13957_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-010-2814-x","volume":"88","author":"M Rodr\u00edguez-S\u00e1iz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-S\u00e1iz M, de la Fuente JL, Barredo JL (2010) Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous for the industrial production of astaxanthin. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 88:645\u2013658. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00253-010-2814-x","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"13957_CR21","unstructured":"Sambrook J, Russell DW (2001) Molecular cloning. A laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor, New York"},{"key":"13957_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01573965","volume":"14","author":"WA Schroeder","year":"1995","unstructured":"Schroeder WA, Johnson EA (1995) Carotenoids protect Phaffia rhodozyma against singlet oxygen damage. J Ind Microbiol 14:502\u2013507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01573965","journal-title":"J Ind Microbiol"},{"key":"13957_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stowers L, Gautsch J, Dana R, Hoekstra MF (1995) Yeast transformation and the preparation of frozen spheroplasts for electroporation. Methods in molecular biology.\u00a0Humana press, New Jersey, pp 261\u2013268","DOI":"10.1385\/0-89603-310-4:261"},{"key":"13957_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00218454","volume":"43","author":"Y Teranishi","year":"1994","unstructured":"Teranishi Y, Ueda M, Tanaka A (1994) A novel promoter, derived from the isocitrate lyase gene of Candida tropicalis, inducible with acetate in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 43:489\u2013492. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00218454","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"13957_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tobin EE, Collins JH, Marsan CB, Nadeau GT, Mori K, Lipzen A, Mondo S, Grigoriev IV, Young EM (2024) Omics-driven onboarding of the carotenoid producing red yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous CBS 6938. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 108:547. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00253-024-13379-w","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-024-13379-w"},{"key":"13957_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"V\u00e1zquez M, Santos V, Paraj\u00f3 J (1997) Effect of the carbon source on the carotenoid profiles of Phaffia rhodozyma strains. J Ind Microbiol Biotech 19(4):263\u2013268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.jim.2900376","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jim.2900376"},{"key":"13957_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2859-13-5","volume":"13","author":"K Weinhandl","year":"2014","unstructured":"Weinhandl K, Winkler M, Glieder A, Camattari A (2014) Carbon source dependent promoters in yeasts. Microb Cell Fact 13:5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1475-2859-13-5","journal-title":"Microb Cell Fact"},{"key":"13957_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008834600770","volume":"12","author":"J Wery","year":"1998","unstructured":"Wery J, Verdoes JC, Van Ooyen AJJ (1998) Efficient transformation of the astaxanthin-producing yeast Phaffia rhodozyma. Biotechnol Tech 12:399\u2013405. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1008834600770","journal-title":"Biotechnol Tech"},{"key":"13957_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1018492611011","volume":"19","author":"Y Yamane","year":"1997","unstructured":"Yamane Y, Higashida K, Kakizono T, Nishio N (1997) Astaxanthin production by Phaffia rhodozyma enhanced in fed-batch culture with glucose and ethanol feeding. Biotechnol Lett 19:1109\u20131111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a:1018492611011","journal-title":"Biotechnol Lett"}],"container-title":["Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00253-026-13957-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00253-026-13957-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00253-026-13957-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T23:11:27Z","timestamp":1792451487000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00253-026-13957-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["13957"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00253-026-13957-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-0614"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-0614","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 June 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 July 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 July 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable. No studies were conducted on humans or animals.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"312"}}