{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:38:39Z","timestamp":1792787919055,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":81,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is emerging as an environmentally friendly disinfection technology, but most plasma-liquid systems remain confined to millilitre\u2011scale volumes, limiting their applicability as bioprocesses for water treatment. Here, we designed and evaluated a bubble\u2011enhanced dielectric barrier discharge reactor, the Spiral Plasma Aeration Reactor Column (SPARC), as an environmental technology approach for litre\u2011scale inactivation of model bacteria in water. Direct CAP exposure achieved rapid, near\u2011complete inactivation of\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      in 200 \u00b5L, but performance decreased sharply at 100\u00a0mL, confirming strong volume dependence under surface\u2011limited plasma-liquid contact. Coupling CAP with gas bubbling (2 L\u00b7min\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) in SPARC markedly enhanced inactivation at 250\u2013500\u00a0mL, achieving approximately 2\u20133 log reductions (\u2265\u200999\u201399.9%) for\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      within 60\u00a0min, whereas non-aerated CAP remained below \u22480.8-log (\u2264\u200960%) reduction under identical conditions. At 1 L under high initial loads (~\u200910\n                      <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u201310\n                      <jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup>\n                      CFU\u00b7100\u00a0mL\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      ), bubble-assisted CAP yielded\u2009~\u20094-log inactivation of\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      and 3\u20133.5-log reduction of\n                      <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , including continued post-treatment inactivation consistent with plasma-activated water effects. In a protein\u2011rich organic matrix, early\u2011stage inactivation was attenuated, but SPARC still achieved \u22482\u20133\u2011log reductions, indicating robust yet matrix\u2011sensitive performance under wastewater\u2011like conditions. At fixed electrical input (34.5 W), specific energy consumption ranged from 60 kWh\u00b7m\n                      <jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>\n                      (250\u00a0mL, 30\u00a0min,\u2009&gt;\u200999%\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      inactivation) to 30 kWh\u00b7m\n                      <jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>\n                      (1 L, 60\u00a0min, \u22484\u2011log\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      inactivation), corresponding to \u22487.5 kWh\u00b7log\u2081\u2080\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00b7m\n                      <jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>\n                      . These results position bubble\u2011assisted CAP as a promising environmental biotechnology and bioprocess platform for water disinfection and emphasise the central role of reactor and contactor design in determining microbial efficacy and energy demand.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      \u2022\n                      <jats:italic>Direct CAP exposure in microlitre-scale water (200 \u00b5L) produces rapid\u2009\u2265\u20093-log\u2081\u2080 (&gt;\u200999.9%) inactivation of E. coli and B. subtilis, but performance deteriorates at 100\u00a0mL, confirming strong volume dependence under surface-limited plasma-liquid contact.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      \u2022\n                      <jats:italic>The bubble-enhanced DBD reactor SPARC, operated at 250\u2013500\u00a0mL, achieves \u22482\u20133-log\u2081\u2080 (\u2265\u200999\u201399.9%) bacterial reductions within 60\u00a0min, whereas non-aerated CAP under identical electrical conditions generally remains below \u22480.8-log\u2081\u2080 (\u2264\u200960%) reduction.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      \u2022\n                      <jats:italic>At 1 L, bubble-assisted SPARC attains\u2009~\u20094-log\u2081\u2080 (E. coli) and 3\u20133.5-log\u2081\u2080 (B. subtilis) inactivation under high initial loads, with specific energy consumption between 30 and 60 kWh\u00b7m<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>\n                        <jats:italic>\u22123<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sup>\n                      <jats:italic>(\u22487.5 kWh\u00b7log\u2081\u2080<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>\n                        <jats:italic>\u22121<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sup>\n                      <jats:italic>\u00b7m<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>\n                        <jats:italic>\u22123<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sup>\n                      <jats:italic>) for the laboratory prototype.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-026-13979-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T16:15:47Z","timestamp":1785773747000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bubble-enhanced cold plasma improves microbial inactivation in water under scalable conditions"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Pequeno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jure","family":"\u017digon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Koritnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filipe Ferreira","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davor","family":"Kr\u017ei\u0161nik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marija","family":"Trkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Israel","family":"Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Dahle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrej","family":"Steyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Maur\u00edcio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gra\u00e7a","family":"Martinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"13979_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.167940","volume":"907","author":"M Adeel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Adeel M, Maniakova G, Rizzo L (2024) Tertiary\/quaternary treatment of urban wastewater by UV\/H2O2 or ozonation: microplastics may affect removal of E. coli and contaminants of emerging concern. 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