{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T22:09:30Z","timestamp":1785190170523,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]],"date-time":"2024-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]],"date-time":"2024-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001826","name":"ZonMw","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["09150182010020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["09150182010020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Skeletal Radiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study aimed to quantitatively assess the diagnostic value of bone marrow edema (BME) detection on virtual non-calcium (VNCa) images calculated from dual-energy CT (DECT) in people with diabetes mellitus and suspected Charcot neuro-osteoarthropathy (CN).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>People with diabetes mellitus and suspected CN who underwent DECT of the feet (80kVp\/Sn150kVp) were included retrospectively. Two blinded observers independently measured CT values on VNCa images using circular regions of interest in five locations in the midfoot (cuneiforms, cuboid and navicular) and the calcaneus of the contralateral or (if one foot was available) the ipsilateral foot. Two clinical groups were formed, one with active CN and one without active CN (no-CN), based on the clinical diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Thirty-two people with diabetes mellitus and suspected CN were included. Eleven had clinically active CN. The mean CT value in the midfoot was significantly higher in the CN group (-55.6\u2009\u00b1\u200918.7 HU) compared to the no-CN group (-94.4\u2009\u00b1\u200923.5 HU; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). In the CN group, the difference in CT value between the midfoot and calcaneus was statistically significant (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003); this was not the case in the no-CN group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.357). The overall observer agreement was good for the midfoot (ICC\u2009=\u20090.804) and moderate for the calcaneus (ICC\u2009=\u20090.712). Sensitivity was 100.0% and specificity was 71.4% using a cutoff value of -87.6 HU.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The detection of BME on VNCa images has a potential value in people with diabetes mellitus and suspected active CN.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-024-04714-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]],"date-time":"2024-06-04T06:01:59Z","timestamp":1717480919000},"page":"105-112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Assessment of bone marrow edema on dual-energy CT scans in people with diabetes mellitus and suspected Charcot neuro-osteoarthropathy"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Carlijn M. B.","family":"Bouman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marieke A.","family":"Mens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruud H. H.","family":"Wellenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geert J.","family":"Streekstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sicco A.","family":"Bus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tessa E.","family":"Busch-Westbroek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Max","family":"Nieuwdorp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Maas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"4714_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.23.6.796","volume":"23","author":"J Fabrin","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fabrin J, Larsen K, Holstein PE. Long-term follow-up in diabetic Charcot feet with spontaneous onset. Diabetes Care. 2000;23:796\u2013800. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diacare.23.6.796.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"4714_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12754","volume":"32","author":"WJ Jeffcoate","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jeffcoate WJ. Charcot foot syndrome. Diabet Med. 2015;32:760\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dme.12754.","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"4714_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21117","DOI":"10.3402\/dfa.v4i0.21117","volume":"4","author":"G Kaynak","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kaynak G, Birsel O, G\u00fcven MF, O\u011f\u00fct T. An overview of the Charcot foot pathophysiology. Diabet Foot Ankle. 2013;4:21117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3402\/dfa.v4i0.21117.","journal-title":"Diabet Foot Ankle"},{"key":"4714_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-2508","volume":"45","author":"W Jeffcoate","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jeffcoate W, Game F. The Charcot Foot Reflects a Response to Injury That Is Critically Distorted by Preexisting Nerve Damage: An Imperfect Storm. Diabetes Care. 2022;45:1691\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc21-2508.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"4714_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2008.07.025","volume":"82","author":"MS Cowley","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cowley MS, Boyko EJ, Shofer JB, Ahroni JH, Ledoux WR. Foot ulcer risk and location in relation to prospective clinical assessment of foot shape and mobility among persons with diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2008;82:226\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2008.07.025.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"4714_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2005.01677.x","volume":"22","author":"E Chantelau","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chantelau E. The perils of procrastination: effects of early vs. delayed detection and treatment of incipient Charcot fracture. Diabet Med. 2005;22:1707\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2005.01677.x.","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"4714_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2010.03141.x","volume":"28","author":"DK Wukich","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wukich DK, Sung W, Wipf SA, Armstrong DG. The consequences of complacency: managing the effects of unrecognized Charcot feet. Diabet Med. 2011;28:195\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2010.03141.x.","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"4714_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14438","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.14438","volume":"4","author":"R Keukenkamp","year":"2021","unstructured":"Keukenkamp R, Busch-Westbroek TE, Barn R, Woodburn J, Bus SA. Foot ulcer recurrence, plantar pressure and footwear adherence in people with diabetes and Charcot midfoot deformity: A cohort analysis. Diabet Med. 2021;4:e14438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dme.14438.","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"4714_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/5584_2020_498","volume":"1307","author":"KV Kavitha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kavitha KV, Patil VS, Sanjeevi CB, Unnikrishnan AG. New Concepts in the Management of Charcot Neuroarthropathy in Diabetes. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2021;1307:391\u2013415. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/5584_2020_498.","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"4714_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"D.K. Wukich, N.C. Schaper, C. Gooday, A. Bal, R. Bem, A. Chhabra, M. Hastings, C. Holmes, N.L. Petrova, M.G. Santini Araujo, E. Senneville, K.M. Raspovic, 2023. Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of active Charcot neuro-osteoarthropathy in persons with diabetes mellitus (IWGDF 2023). Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. e3646. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dmrr.3646.","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3646"},{"key":"4714_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1254525","volume":"14","author":"IG Schoots","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schoots IG, Slim FJ, Busch-Westbroek TE, Maas M. Neuro-osteoarthropathy of the foot-radiologist: friend or foe? Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2010;14:365\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0030-1254525.","journal-title":"Semin Musculoskelet Radiol"},{"key":"4714_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2016.07.002","volume":"34","author":"DJ Short","year":"2017","unstructured":"Short DJ, Zgonis T. Medical Imaging in Differentiating the Diabetic Charcot Foot from Osteomyelitis. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2017;34:9\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpm.2016.07.002.","journal-title":"Clin Podiatr Med Surg"},{"key":"4714_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2020.03.003","volume":"60","author":"DK Wukich","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wukich DK, Raspovic K, Liu GT, van Pelt MD, Lalli T, Chhabra A, Nakonezny P, La Fontaine J, Lavery L, Kim PJ. Are the Sanders-Frykberg and Brodsky-Trepman Classifications Reliable in Diabetic Charcot Neuroarthropathy? J Foot Ankle Surg. 2021;60:432\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.jfas.2020.03.003.","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Surg"},{"key":"4714_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-019-0768-9","volume":"10","author":"AB Rosskopf","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rosskopf AB, Loupatatzis C, Pfirrmann CWA, B\u00f6ni T, Berli MC. The Charcot foot: a pictorial review. Insights Imaging. 2019;10:77. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13244-019-0768-9.","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"4714_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18754","DOI":"10.3402\/dfa.v3i0.18754","volume":"3","author":"SE Sanverdi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sanverdi SE, Ergen BF, Oznur A. Current challenges in imaging of the diabetic foot. Diabet Foot Ankle. 2012;3:18754. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3402\/dfa.v3i0.18754.","journal-title":"Diabet Foot Ankle"},{"key":"4714_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3393","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-020-06670-7","volume":"30","author":"M Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen M, Herregods N, Jaremko JL, Carron P, Elewaut D, van den Bosch F, Jans L. Bone marrow edema in sacroiliitis: detection with dual-energy CT. Eur Radiol. 2020;30:3393\u2013400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-020-06670-7.","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"4714_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-022-05690-2","volume":"23","author":"JP Grunz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Grunz JP, Sailer L, Lang P, Sch\u00fcle S, Kunz AS, Beer M, Hackenbroch C. Dual-energy CT in sacral fragility fractures: defining a cut-off Hounsfield unit value for the presence of traumatic bone marrow edema in patients with osteoporosis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2022;23:724. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12891-022-05690-2.","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"4714_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2018182224","volume":"290","author":"R Guggenberger","year":"2019","unstructured":"Guggenberger R. Dual-Energy CT in the Detection of Bone Marrow Edema in the Sacroiliac Joints: Is There a Case for Axial Spondyloarthritis? Radiology. 2019;290:165\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.2018182224.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"4714_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-019-01062-4","volume":"124","author":"G Foti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Foti G, Catania M, Caia S, Romano L, Beltramello A, Zorzi C, Carbognin G. Identification of bone marrow edema of the ankle: diagnostic accuracy of dual-energy CT in comparison with MRI. Radiol Med. 2019;124:1028\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11547-019-01062-4.","journal-title":"Radiol Med"},{"key":"4714_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.13122577","volume":"269","author":"CK Wang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wang CK, Tsai JM, Chuang MT, Wang MT, Huang KY, Lin RM. Bone marrow edema in vertebral compression fractures: detection with dual-energy CT. Radiology. 2013;269:525\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiology.13122577.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"4714_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-023-09479-2","author":"MA Mens","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mens MA, de Geus A, Wellenberg RHH, Streekstra GJ, Weil NL, Bus SA, Busch-Westbroek TE, Nieuwdorp M, Maas M. Preliminary evaluation of dual-energy CT to quantitatively assess bone marrow edema in patients with diabetic foot ulcers and suspected osteomyelitis. Eur Radiol. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-023-09479-2.","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"4714_CR22","first-page":"594","volume":"97","author":"VS Marmolejo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Marmolejo VS, Arnold JF, Ponticello M, Anderson CA. Charcot Foot: Clinical Clues, Diagnostic Strategies, and Treatment Principles. Am Fam Physician. 2018;97:594\u20139.","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"4714_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brodsky JW, Rouse AM. Exostectomy for symptomatic bony promineces in diabetic charcot feet. Clin Orthop Res. 1993;(296):21\u20136.","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199311000-00005"},{"key":"4714_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070502600109","volume":"26","author":"E Trepman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Trepman E, Nihal A, Pinzur MS. Current topics review: Charcot neuroarthropathy of the foot and ankle. Foot Ankle Int. 2005;26:46\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/107110070502600109.","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"key":"4714_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.91B1.21196","volume":"91","author":"AH Robinson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Robinson AH, Pasapula C, Brodsky JW. Surgical aspects of the diabetic foot. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2009;91:1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1302\/0301-620X.91B1.21196.","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"4714_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","volume":"15","author":"TK Koo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koo TK, Li MY. A Guideline of Selecting and Reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for Reliability Research. J Chiropr Med. 2016;15:155\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012.","journal-title":"J Chiropr Med"},{"key":"4714_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310","volume":"33","author":"JR Landis","year":"1977","unstructured":"Landis JR, Koch GG. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics. 1977;33:159\u201374.","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"4714_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-924026","volume":"114","author":"E Chantelau","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chantelau E, Richter A, Schmidt-Grigoriadis P, Scherbaum WA. The diabetic charcot foot: MRI discloses bone stress injury as trigger mechanism of neuroarthropathy. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2006;114:118\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-2006-924026.","journal-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"key":"4714_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-019-00998-x","volume":"124","author":"G Foti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Foti G, Beltramello A, Catania M, Rigotti S, Serra G, Carbognin G. Diagnostic accuracy of dual-energy CT and virtual non-calcium techniques to evaluate bone marrow edema in vertebral compression fractures. Radiol Med. 2019;124:487\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11547-019-00998-x.","journal-title":"Radiol Med"},{"key":"4714_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.12112217","volume":"264","author":"R Guggenberger","year":"2012","unstructured":"Guggenberger R, Gnannt R, Hodler J, Krauss B, Wanner GA, Csuka E, Payne B, Frauenfelder T, Andreisek G, Alkadhi H. Diagnostic performance of dual-energy CT for the detection of traumatic bone marrow lesions in the ankle: comparison with MR imaging. Radiology. 2012;264:164\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.12112217.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"4714_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2022.110359","volume":"153","author":"Z Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen Z, Chen Y, Zhang H, Jia X, Zheng X, T. Zuo T,. Diagnostic accuracy of dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) to detect non-traumatic bone marrow edema: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Radiol. 2022;153:110359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejrad.2022.110359.","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"}],"container-title":["Skeletal Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00256-024-04714-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00256-024-04714-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00256-024-04714-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,21]],"date-time":"2024-12-21T01:02:10Z","timestamp":1734742930000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00256-024-04714-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["4714"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00256-024-04714-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0364-2348","1432-2161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0364-2348","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-2161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 March 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 May 2024","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 May 2024","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 June 2024","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"None.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}