{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T21:07:40Z","timestamp":1786568860845,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747353600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Skeletal Radiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Infectious spondylitis is not a common disease; however, its incidence has increased recently due to the increasing number of older patients with chronic diseases and immunocompromised status globally. The clinical presentation of infectious spondylitis may be non-specific, causing delays in diagnosis and treatment, and leading to significant sequelae. Imaging usually plays a crucial role in characterizing the presence and extent of the disease, leading to proper management, reduced mortality, and long-term neurological morbidity. Many studies have proposed imaging features to distinguish between the common causes of infectious spondylitis, pyogenic or tuberculous infections, while the less common infections, including those caused by fungi or other bacterial organisms such as brucellosis, melioidosis, and actinomycosis, are believed to lack specific imaging characteristics. In this review, we highlight the characteristic imaging findings of both common and uncommon pathogens, which can serve as key clues for accurately diagnosing various pathogenic causes of infectious spondylitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-025-04943-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T04:11:36Z","timestamp":1747368696000},"page":"2411-2424","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Imaging clues for the diagnosis of various pathogenic causes of infectious spondylitis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Pornrujee","family":"Hirunpat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theeraphol","family":"Panyaping","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wannisa","family":"Wongpipathpong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siriporn","family":"Hirunpat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"4943_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12050893","volume":"12","author":"A Cromb\u00e9","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cromb\u00e9 A, Fadli D, Clinca R, Reverchon G, Cevolani L, Girolami M, et al. Imaging of spondylodiscitis: a comprehensive updated review-multimodality imaging findings, differential diagnosis, and specific microorganisms detection. Microorganisms. 2024;12:893. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms12050893.","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"4943_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dhodapkar MM, Patel T, Rubio DR. Imaging in spinal infections: current status and future directions. North Am Spine Soc J. 2023;100275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xnsj.2023.100275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2023.100275"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"4943_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"iii11","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq303","volume":"65","author":"T Gouliouris","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gouliouris T, Aliyu SH, Brown NM. Spondylodiscitis: update on diagnosis and management. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2010;65(Suppl 3):iii11-24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkq303.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"4943_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lee JW, Lee E, Kang HS. Infectious spondylitis. In: Lee JW, Lee E, Kang HS, editors. Radiology illustrated: Spine. Singapore: Springer Nature; 2023. p. 203\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-99-6612-7_8","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-99-6612-7_8"},{"key":"4943_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20140011","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20140011","volume":"87","author":"T Moritani","year":"2014","unstructured":"Moritani T, Kim J, Capizzano AA, Kirby P, Kademian J, Sato Y. Pyogenic and non-pyogenic spinal infections: emphasis on diffusion-weighted imaging for the detection of abscesses and pus collections. Br J Radiol. 2014;87:20140011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1259\/bjr.20140011.","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"4943_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2016.17.5.565","volume":"17","author":"JA Yeom","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yeom JA, Lee IS, Suh HB, Song YS, Song JW. Magnetic resonance imaging findings of early spondylodiscitis: interpretive challenges and atypical findings. Korean J Radiol. 2016;17:565\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3348\/kjr.2016.17.5.565.","journal-title":"Korean J Radiol"},{"key":"4943_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2005.12.002","volume":"58","author":"SLJ James","year":"2006","unstructured":"James SLJ, Davies AM. Imaging of infectious spinal disorders in children and adults. Eur J Radiol. 2006;58:27\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejrad.2005.12.002.","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"4943_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.4184\/asj.2014.8.2.216","volume":"8","author":"KY Lee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lee KY. Comparison of pyogenic spondylitis and tuberculous spondylitis. Asian Spine J. 2014;8:216\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4184\/asj.2014.8.2.216.","journal-title":"Asian Spine J"},{"key":"4943_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1832","volume":"31","author":"DP Rodriguez","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rodriguez DP, Poussaint TY. Imaging of back pain in children. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2010;31:787\u2013802. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3174\/ajnr.A1832.","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"4943_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrid.2016.03.001","volume":"3","author":"J Acharya","year":"2016","unstructured":"Acharya J, Gibbs WN. Imaging spinal infection. Radiol. Infect Dis. 2016;3:84\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jrid.2016.03.001.","journal-title":"Infect Dis"},{"key":"4943_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1186\/s12893-020-00841-5","volume":"20","author":"M Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen M, Wang R, Shan J, Tang H. Salmonella enteritis spondylitis of thoracic spine: a case report and review of the literature. BMC Surg. 2020;20:180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12893-020-00841-5.","journal-title":"BMC Surg"},{"key":"4943_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.10.6359","volume":"197","author":"M D\u2019Anastasi","year":"2011","unstructured":"D\u2019Anastasi M, Birkenmaier C, Schmidt GP, Wegener B, Reiser MF, Baur-Melnyk A. Correlation between vacuum phenomenon on CT and fluid on MRI in degenerative disks. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011;197:1182\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/AJR.10.6359.","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"4943_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4571","volume":"37","author":"LN Ledbetter","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ledbetter LN, Salzman KL, Shah LM. Imaging psoas sign in lumbar spinal infections: evaluation of diagnostic accuracy and comparison with established imaging characteristics. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2016;37:736\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3174\/ajnr.A4571.","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"4943_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3948","volume":"35","author":"KB Patel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Patel KB, Poplawski MM, Pawha PS, Naidich TP, Tanenbaum LN. Diffusion-weighted MRI \u201cclaw sign\u201d improves differentiation of infectious from degenerative Modic Type 1 signal changes of the spine. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2014;35:1647\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3174\/ajnr.A3948.","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"4943_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A6370","volume":"41","author":"SB Strauss","year":"2020","unstructured":"Strauss SB, Gordon SR, Burns J, Bello JA, Slasky SE. Differentiation between tuberculous and pyogenic spondylodiscitis: the role of the anterior meningovertebral ligament in patients with anterior epidural abscess. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2020;41:364\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3174\/ajnr.A6370.","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"4943_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-021-01347-7","volume":"126","author":"F Salaffi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Salaffi F, Ceccarelli L, Carotti M, Di Carlo M, Polonara G, Facchini G, et al. Differentiation between infectious spondylodiscitis versus inflammatory or degenerative spinal changes: how can magnetic resonance imaging help the clinician? Radiol Med. 2021;126:843\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11547-021-01347-7.","journal-title":"Radiol Med"},{"key":"4943_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-021-06952-8","volume":"31","author":"N Naselli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Naselli N, Facchini G, Lima GM, Evangelisti G, Ponti F, Miceli M, et al. MRI in differential diagnosis between tuberculous and pyogenic spondylodiscitis. Eur Spine J. 2022;31:431\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-021-06952-8.","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"4943_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.182.6.1821405","volume":"182","author":"N-Y Jung","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jung N-Y, Jee W-H, Ha K-Y, Park C-K, Byun J-Y. Discrimination of tuberculous spondylitis from pyogenic spondylitis on MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;182:1405\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/ajr.182.6.1821405.","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"4943_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2016.3602","volume":"12","author":"T Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li T, Liu T, Jiang Z, Cui X, Sun J. Diagnosing pyogenic, Brucella and tuberculous spondylitis using histopathology and MRI: a retrospective study. Exp Ther Med. 2016;12:2069\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/etm.2016.3602.","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"4943_CR20","first-page":"285","volume":"26","author":"N Ki\u015f","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ki\u015f N, Kapmaz M, D\u00fczkalir AH, \u00d6zdo\u011fan S. Brucellar and tuberculous spondylodiscitis: comparison of magnetic resonance imaging findings. J Turk Spinal Surg. 2015;26(4):285\u201390.","journal-title":"J Turk Spinal Surg"},{"key":"4943_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.43.210","volume":"43","author":"M Turgut","year":"2003","unstructured":"Turgut M, Sendur OF, G\u00fcrel M. Brucellar spondylodiscitis in the lumbar region. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2003;43:210\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2176\/nmc.43.210.","journal-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)"},{"key":"4943_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2008.44.4.277","volume":"44","author":"HJ Lee","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lee HJ, Hur JW, Lee JW, Lee SR. Brucellar spondylitis J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2008;44:277\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3340\/jkns.2008.44.4.277.","journal-title":"Brucellar spondylitis J Korean Neurosurg Soc"},{"key":"4943_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2022.104782","volume":"82","author":"A Ali Adam","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ali Adam A, Sheikh Hassan M, Adam OA. Spinal brucellosis causing spondylodiscitis. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2022;82:104782. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amsu.2022.104782.","journal-title":"Ann Med Surg (Lond)"},{"key":"4943_CR24","first-page":"332","volume":"35","author":"SY Yang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yang SY, Chung CK. Brucellar spondylodiscitis: case report and literature review. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2004;35:332\u20135.","journal-title":"J Korean Neurosurg Soc"},{"key":"4943_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrid.2017.08.005","volume":"4","author":"L Shen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shen L, Jiang C, Jiang R, Fang W, Feng Q, Wang L, et al. Diagnosis and classification in MRI of brucellar spondylitis. Radiol Infect Dis. 2017;4:102\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jrid.2017.08.005.","journal-title":"Radiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"4943_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.31616\/asj.2020.0262","volume":"15","author":"F Hammami","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hammami F, Koubaa M, Feki W, Chakroun A, Rekik K, Smaoui F, et al. Tuberculous and brucellar spondylodiscitis: comparative analysis of Clinical, Laboratory, and radiological features. Asian Spine J. 2021;15:739\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31616\/asj.2020.0262.","journal-title":"Asian Spine J"},{"key":"4943_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8903635","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8903635","volume":"2016","author":"B Yang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yang B, Hu H, Chen J, He X, Li H. The evaluation of the clinical, laboratory, and radiological findings of 16 cases of brucellar spondylitis. BioMed Res Int. 2016;2016:8903635. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2016\/8903635.","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"4943_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-021-00598-4","volume":"26","author":"H Guo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guo H, Lan S, He Y, Tiheiran M, Liu W. Differentiating Brucella spondylitis from tuberculous spondylitis by the conventional MRI and MR T2 mapping: a prospective study. Eur J Med Res. 2021;26:125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40001-021-00598-4.","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"key":"4943_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.3348\/jksr.2013.68.3.257","volume":"68","author":"JW Kim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kim JW, Kim MS, Kim YJ. MRI findings of brucellar spondylitis: a case report. J Korean Soc Radiol. 2013;68:257\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3348\/jksr.2013.68.3.257.","journal-title":"J Korean Soc Radiol"},{"key":"4943_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.05.1088","volume":"187","author":"A Pourbagher","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pourbagher A, Pourbagher MA, Savas L, Turunc T, Demiroglu YZ, Erol I, et al. Epidemiologic, clinical, and imaging findings in brucellosis patients with osteoarticular involvement. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;187:873\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/AJR.05.1088.","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"4943_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1086\/313524","volume":"29","author":"J Solera","year":"1999","unstructured":"Solera J, Lozano E, Mart\u00ednez-Alfaro E, Espinosa A, Castillejos ML, Abad L. Brucellar spondylitis: review of 35 cases and literature survey. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;29:1440\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/313524.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"4943_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20190561","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0561-2019","volume":"53","author":"N Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu N, Zhang Y, Yu Y-S. Pedro Pons\u2019 sign of brucellar spondylitis. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2020;53:e20190561. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0037-8682-0561-2019.","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"key":"4943_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.171.2.2704806","volume":"171","author":"HS Sharif","year":"1989","unstructured":"Sharif HS, Aideyan OA, Clark DC, Madkour MM, Aabed MY, Mattsson TA, et al. Brucellar and tuberculous spondylitis: comparative imaging features. Radiology. 1989;171:419\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiology.171.2.2704806.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"4943_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.14.2.8190957","volume":"14","author":"MS Al-Shahed","year":"1994","unstructured":"Al-Shahed MS, Sharif HS, Haddad MC, Aabed MY, Sammak BM, Mutairi MA. Imaging features of musculoskeletal brucellosis. Radiographics. 1994;14:333\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiographics.14.2.8190957.","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"4943_CR35","first-page":"55","volume":"32","author":"S Tungsanga","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tungsanga S, Wangsomboonsiri W, Sungkanuparph S. Chronic melioidosis mimicking tuberculosis. J Infect Dis Antimicrob Agents. 2015;32:55\u20139.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"4943_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s43055-023-00994-2","volume":"54","author":"D Amin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Amin D, Chinta S, Kapoor A, Subbalaxmi MVS, Reddy DA, Neelima A, et al. Imaging case series of melioidosis: the great masquerader. Egypt J Radiol Nucl Med. 2023;54:44. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s43055-023-00994-2.","journal-title":"Egypt J Radiol Nucl Med"},{"key":"4943_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burivong W, Soodchuen S, Maroongroge P, Upapan P, Leelasithorn V. Radiographic manifestations of melioidosis: a multi-organ review. Med Res Arch. 2017;5.","DOI":"10.18103\/mra.v5i3.1098"},{"key":"4943_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1729125","volume":"31","author":"P Mannam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mannam P, Arvind VH, Koshy M, Varghese GM, Alexander M, Elizabeth SM. Neuromelioidosis: a single-center experience with emphasis on imaging. Indian J Radiol Imaging. 2021;31:57\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0041-1729125.","journal-title":"Indian J Radiol Imaging"},{"key":"4943_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.4103\/1658-631X.178286","volume":"4","author":"HS Alsaif","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alsaif HS, Venkatesh SK. Melioidosis: spectrum of radiological manifestations. Saudi J Med Med Sci. 2016;4:74\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/1658-631X.178286.","journal-title":"Saudi J Med Med Sci"},{"key":"4943_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bcr2017223223","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2017-223223","volume":"2018","author":"R Garg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Garg R, Shaw T, Bhat SN, Mukhopadhyay C. Melioidosis: the great mimicker presenting as spondylodiscitis. BMJ Case Rep. 2018;2018:bcr2017223223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2017-223223.","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"4943_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1729477","volume":"12","author":"A Varma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Varma A, Mathew JE, Gopalakrishnan CV, Wilson A. Isolated discitis in melioidosis: an unknown presentation and a microbiological challenge. J Neurosci Rural Pract. 2021;12:599\u2013600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0041-1729477.","journal-title":"J Neurosci Rural Pract"},{"key":"4943_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.4184\/asj.2016.10.6.1065","volume":"10","author":"J Arockiaraj","year":"2016","unstructured":"Arockiaraj J, Karthik R, Jeyaraj V, Amritanand R, Krishnan V, David KS, et al. Non-caseating granulomatous infective spondylitis: melioidotic spondylitis. Asian Spine J. 2016;10:1065\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4184\/asj.2016.10.6.1065.","journal-title":"Asian Spine J"},{"key":"4943_CR43","first-page":"103","volume":"12","author":"C Amonmesvarintara","year":"2006","unstructured":"Amonmesvarintara C, Banchuad T. Melioidosis: vertebral osteomyelitis: Case report. Asean J Radiol. 2006;12:103\u20136.","journal-title":"Asean J Radiol"},{"key":"4943_CR44","unstructured":"Wilairatana\u2019 P, Wilairatana V. Melioidotic spondylitis mimicking tuberculous spondylitis"},{"key":"4943_CR45","first-page":"71","volume":"46","author":"J Thammaroj","year":"2015","unstructured":"Thammaroj J, Kitkuandee A, Sawanyawisuth K. Differences of MRI features between tuberculous and bacterial spondylitis in a TB-endemic area. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2015;46:71\u20139.","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"4943_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.14245\/kjs.2017.14.1.20","volume":"14","author":"DM Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim DM, Kim SW. Destruction of the C2 body due to cervical actinomycosis: connection between spinal epidural abscess and retropharyngeal abscess. Korean J Spine. 2017;14:20\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14245\/kjs.2017.14.1.20.","journal-title":"Korean J Spine."},{"key":"4943_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bcr2016214757","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2016-214757","volume":"2016","author":"S Prajapati","year":"2016","unstructured":"Prajapati S, Yoon DJ, Benitez CL, Buyuk A. Cervical vertebral actinomycosis mimicking malignancy in a paediatric patient. BMJ Case Rep. 2016;2016:bcr2016214757. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2016-214757.","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"4943_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.13107\/jocr.2021.v11.i01.1970","volume":"11","author":"S Hadgaonkar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hadgaonkar S, Rathi P, Vincent V, Shyam A, Sancheti P. Actinomycotic infection of spine-a rare disease with diagnostic challenge, an update on spinal infection. J Orthop Case Rep. 2021;11:72\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13107\/jocr.2021.v11.i01.1970.","journal-title":"J Orthop Case Rep."},{"key":"4943_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.4103\/2277-8632.134882","volume":"3","author":"C Vikas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vikas C. Spinal actinomycosis. J NTR Univ Health Sci. 2014;3:122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/2277-8632.134882.","journal-title":"J NTR Univ Health Sci"},{"key":"4943_CR50","first-page":"289","volume":"40","author":"I-S Kim","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kim I-S. Thoracic actinomycosis causing spinal cord compression. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2006;40:289\u201392.","journal-title":"J Korean Neurosurg Soc"},{"key":"4943_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.63794","volume":"58","author":"RK Dua","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dua RK, Bhat DI, Indira DB. Spinal actinomycosis: a rare disease. Neurol India. 2010;58:298\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0028-3886.63794.","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"key":"4943_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01706-07","volume":"46","author":"H Honda","year":"2008","unstructured":"Honda H, Bankowski MJ, Kajioka EHN, Chokrungvaranon N, Kim W, Gallacher ST. Thoracic vertebral actinomycosis: Actinomyces israelii and Fusobacterium nucleatum. J Clin Microbiol. 2008;46:2009\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.01706-07.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"4943_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-019-2261-y","volume":"13","author":"Y Yamada","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yamada Y, Kinoshita C, Nakagawa H. Lumbar vertebral osteomyelitis and psoas abscess caused by Actinomyces israelii after an operation under general anesthesia in a patient with end-stage renal disease: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2019;13:351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13256-019-2261-y.","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep"},{"key":"4943_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3109\/17453677108989023","volume":"42","author":"J Ernst","year":"1971","unstructured":"Ernst J, Ratjen E. Actinomycosis of the spine. Report of two cases. Acta Orthop Scand. 1971;42:35\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/17453677108989023.","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Scand."},{"key":"4943_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1159\/000117204","volume":"36","author":"PP Maeder","year":"1996","unstructured":"Maeder PP, Ingvar-Maeder MC, Meuli RA, Regli F, de Tribolet N. Cervical epidural abscess due to actinomycosis: demonstration by MRI. Eur Neurol. 1996;36:56\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000117204.","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"4943_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2013.05.016","volume":"18","author":"A Duvignaud","year":"2014","unstructured":"Duvignaud A, Ribeiro E, Moynet D, Longy-Boursier M, Malvy D. Cervical spondylitis and spinal abscess due to Actinomyces meyeri. Braz J Infect Dis. 2014;18:106\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bjid.2013.05.016.","journal-title":"Braz J Infect Dis"},{"key":"4943_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469075","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/469075","volume":"2014","author":"M Kapmaz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kapmaz M, G\u00fcl\u015fen I, K\u0131\u015f N, Ba\u015faran S, Oks\u00fcz L, G\u00fcrler N. A highly rare cause of lumbar spondylodiscitis with epidural abscess: Actinomyces israelii. Case Rep Infect Dis. 2014;2014:469075. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/469075.","journal-title":"Case Rep Infect Dis"},{"key":"4943_CR58","first-page":"381","volume":"20","author":"RL Williams","year":"1999","unstructured":"Williams RL, Fukui MB, Meltzer CC, Swarnkar A, Johnson DW, Welch W. Fungal spinal osteomyelitis in the immunocompromised patient: MR findings in three cases. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1999;20:381\u20135.","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"4943_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.12.10344","volume":"201","author":"S-W Lee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lee S-W, Lee SH, Chung HW, Kim MJ, Seo MJ, Shin MJ. Candida spondylitis: comparison of MRI findings with bacterial and tuberculous causes. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2013;201:872\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/AJR.12.10344.","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"4943_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.37549\/AR2301","volume":"45","author":"VK Sundaram","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sundaram VK, Doshi A. Infections of the spine: a review of clinical and imaging findings. Appl Radiol. 2016;45:10\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.37549\/AR2301.","journal-title":"Appl Radiol"},{"key":"4943_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2007.8.5.448","volume":"8","author":"J-M Son","year":"2007","unstructured":"Son J-M, Jee W-H, Jung C-K, Kim S-I, Ha K-Y. Aspergillus spondylitis involving the cervico-thoraco-lumbar spine in an immunocompromised patient: a case report. Korean J Radiol. 2007;8:448\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3348\/kjr.2007.8.5.448.","journal-title":"Korean J Radiol"},{"key":"4943_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W919","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.11.6786","volume":"197","author":"JW Kwon","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kwon JW, Hong SH, Choi S-H, Yoon YC, Lee SH. MRI findings of Aspergillus spondylitis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011;197:W919\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/AJR.11.6786.","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"}],"container-title":["Skeletal Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00256-025-04943-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00256-025-04943-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00256-025-04943-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T09:32:26Z","timestamp":1758706346000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00256-025-04943-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["4943"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00256-025-04943-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0364-2348","1432-2161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0364-2348","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-2161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 April 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 May 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 May 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.Approval from the Institutional Review Board was obtained and in keeping with the policies for a retrospective review, informed consent was not required.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}