{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T12:47:29Z","timestamp":1785847649992,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Skeletal Radiol"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-026-05333-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T23:48:21Z","timestamp":1785800901000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Patellofemoral morphology is associated with ACL rupture in pediatric patients: a quantitative MRI-based case-control study"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1492-1006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hasan","family":"Bulut","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6082-7624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Furkan","family":"\u00d6zdem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6657-6860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osman Ya\u011f\u0131z","family":"Atl\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4672-0671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet Burak","family":"\u00d6zkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"5333_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2025.09.006","volume":"57","author":"N Pascual-Leone","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pascual-Leone N, Chipman DE, Retzky J, Lijesen E, Gross PW, Ammerman B, et al. Comparison of preoperative mechanical axis alignment in pediatric and adolescent patients with anterior cruciate ligament rupture and patellofemoral instability. Knee. 2025;57:396\u2013400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.knee.2025.09.006.","journal-title":"Knee"},{"key":"5333_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-1877","author":"NA Beck","year":"2017","unstructured":"Beck NA, Lawrence JTR, Nordin JD, DeFor TA, Tompkins M. ACL tears in school-aged children and adolescents over 20 years. Pediatrics. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2016-1877.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"5333_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-013-9169-8","volume":"6","author":"NA Mall","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mall NA, Paletta GA. Pediatric ACL injuries: evaluation and management. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2013;6:132\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12178-013-9169-8.","journal-title":"Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med"},{"key":"5333_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kamaci S, Kola\u00e7 UC, Arzu U, Avci H, Bingol I, Ata EU, et al (2025) Poster 210: Patellofemoral abnormalities as risk factors for ACL tears in skeletally immature children: a matched registry study. Orthop J Sports Med 13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2325967125S00298","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967125S00298"},{"key":"5333_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100333","volume":"15","author":"HS Khela","year":"2026","unstructured":"Khela HS, Khela MS, Syed AN, Mitchell B, Lawrence JTR, Williams BA. National trends in the surgical management of pediatric patellofemoral instability: a retrospective analysis from 2010 to 2022. J Pediatr Orthop Soc North Am. 2026;15: 100333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100333.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop Soc North Am"},{"key":"5333_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-023-09836-0","volume":"16","author":"P Vivekanantha","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vivekanantha P, Cohen D, Peterson D, de Sa D. Patellofemoral instability in the pediatric population. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2023;16:255\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12178-023-09836-0.","journal-title":"Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med"},{"key":"5333_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2021.0577","volume":"23","author":"HK Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim HK, Parikh S. Patellofemoral instability in children: imaging findings and therapeutic approaches. Korean J Radiol. 2022;23:674. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3348\/kjr.2021.0577.","journal-title":"Korean J Radiol"},{"key":"5333_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ksa.70277","author":"A Piercecchi","year":"2026","unstructured":"Piercecchi A, Chaal L, Druel J, Patel R, Peufly C, Chouffani E, et al. Steeper posterior tibial slope increases the risk of anterior cruciate ligament rupture in a paediatric population. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ksa.70277.","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"key":"5333_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3969","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-020-06267-z","volume":"28","author":"YH Kwak","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kwak YH, Nam J, Koh Y, Park B, Hong K, Kang K. Femoral trochlear morphology is associated with anterior cruciate ligament injury in skeletally immature patients. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2020;28:3969\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00167-020-06267-z.","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"key":"5333_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671211028269","author":"G Pagliazzi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pagliazzi G, Ellermann JM, Carlson CS, Shea KG, Arendt EA. Trochlear development in children from 1 month to 10 years of age: a descriptive study utilizing analysis by magnetic resonance imaging. Orthop J Sports Med. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/23259671211028269.","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"key":"5333_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.5606\/tftrd.2018.1586","volume":"64","author":"M G\u00fcrsoy","year":"2018","unstructured":"G\u00fcrsoy M, Dirim Mete B, Oyar O, Erdo\u011fan N, Ulu\u00e7 ME, Bulut T, et al. The association of patellar maltracking with infrapatellar fat pad edema and chondromalacia patella: a quantitative morphological magnetic resonance imaging analysis. Turk J Phys Med Rehabil. 2018;64:246\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5606\/tftrd.2018.1586.","journal-title":"Turk J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"5333_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.216.2.r00au07582","volume":"216","author":"Y Carrillon","year":"2000","unstructured":"Carrillon Y, Abidi H, Dejour D, Fantino O, Moyen B, Tran-Minh VA. Patellar instability: assessment on MR images by measuring the lateral trochlear inclination-initial experience. Radiology. 2000;216:582\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiology.216.2.r00au07582.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"5333_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671241249132","volume":"12","author":"SG Ayala","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ayala SG, Thomas N, Rohde M, Gupta A, Sanchez M, Tompkins M, et al. Osseous and cartilaginous trochlear development in the pediatric knee: a cadaveric computed tomography study. Orthop J Sports Med. 2024;12: 23259671241249132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/23259671241249132.","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"key":"5333_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1688563","volume":"33","author":"SHS Tan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tan SHS, Lim BY, Chng KSJ, Doshi C, Wong FKL, Lim AKS, et al. The difference between computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging measurements of tibial tubercle-trochlear groove distance for patients with or without patellofemoral instability: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Knee Surg. 2020;33:768\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0039-1688563.","journal-title":"J Knee Surg"},{"key":"5333_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2007.08.010","volume":"15","author":"RP Grelsamer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Grelsamer RP, Weinstein CH, Gould J, Dubey A. Patellar tilt: the physical examination correlates with MR imaging. Knee. 2008;15:3\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.knee.2007.08.010.","journal-title":"Knee"},{"key":"5333_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina54020021","author":"R Gudas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gudas R, \u0160iup\u0161inskas L, Gudait\u0117 A, Vansevi\u010dius V, Stankevi\u010dius E, Smailys A, et al. The patello-femoral joint degeneration and the shape of the patella in the population needing an arthroscopic procedure. Medicina (Kaunas). 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina54020021.","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"key":"5333_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1093\/bjr\/tqaf156","volume":"98","author":"S Lin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lin S, Gao H, Lin H, Li H. Correlation of anterior cruciate ligament tear with femoral trochlear dysplasia and patellar position. Br J Radiol. 2025;98:1498\u2013503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bjr\/tqaf156.","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"5333_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671211022690","volume":"9","author":"YH Kwak","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kwak YH, Nam J-H, Koh Y-G, Kang K-T. Correlation of femoral trochlear dysplasia with anterior cruciate ligament injury in skeletally immature patients. Orthop J Sports Med. 2021;9: 23259671211022690. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/23259671211022690.","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"key":"5333_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465231158099","volume":"51","author":"MJ Tanaka","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tanaka MJ, Sodhi A, Wadhavkar I, Kane K, Velasquez Hammerle MV, Mangudi Varadarajan K, et al. Redefining trochlear dysplasia: normal thresholds vary by measurement technique, landmarks, and sex. Am J Sports Med. 2023;51:1202\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/03635465231158099.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"5333_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.17517\/ksutfd.1590151","volume":"20","author":"B \u0130ncedemir \u00dcndey","year":"2025","unstructured":"\u0130ncedemir \u00dcndey B, Metin Tellio\u011flu A, Ayd\u0131n E, Durum Polat Y. Evaluation of the relationship between morphological measurements of the knee and anterior cruciate ligament injuries along with meniscus injuries. Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ Tip Fak Derg. 2025;20:199\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17517\/ksutfd.1590151.","journal-title":"Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ Tip Fak Derg"},{"key":"5333_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-020-03706-3","volume":"50","author":"S Is\u0131klar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Is\u0131klar S, Ozdemir ST, Gokalp G. An association between femoral trochlear morphology and non-contact anterior cruciate ligament total rupture: a retrospective MRI study. Skeletal Radiol. 2021;50:1441\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00256-020-03706-3.","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"key":"5333_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2020.08.014","volume":"27","author":"AE Polat","year":"2020","unstructured":"Polat AE, Polat B, G\u00fcrp\u0131nar T, Sar\u0131 E, \u00c7ark\u00e7\u0131 E, Erler K. Tibial tubercle\u2013trochlear groove (TT\u2013TG) distance is a reliable measurement of increased rotational laxity in the knee with an anterior cruciate ligament injury. Knee. 2020;27:1601\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.knee.2020.08.014.","journal-title":"Knee"},{"key":"5333_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10225536261419556","author":"MF K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck\u015fen","year":"2026","unstructured":"K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck\u015fen MF, Bilge O, Yaka H, B\u00fclb\u00fcl F, Demiry\u00fcrek M, T\u00fcrkmen F, et al. Radiographic tibial tubercle morphology as a predictor of anterior cruciate ligament injury. J Orthop Surg. 2026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10225536261419556.","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg"},{"key":"5333_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671251403157","author":"NM Tchangou","year":"2026","unstructured":"Tchangou NM, Muchintala RR, Hanna AJ, Paul RW, Clements AJ, Dinger J, et al. No difference in tibial tubercle trochlear groove distance between patients with and without a history of anterior cruciate ligament tears. Orthop J Sports Med. 2026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/23259671251403157.","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"}],"container-title":["Skeletal Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00256-026-05333-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00256-026-05333-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00256-026-05333-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T12:03:18Z","timestamp":1785844998000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00256-026-05333-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"references-count":24,"alternative-id":["5333"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00256-026-05333-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["0364-2348","1432-2161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0364-2348","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-2161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 July 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 July 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 August 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"All authors participated in the study in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Board (approval number: AE\u015eH-BADEK2-2026-092) (27 January 2026).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Informed consent was not obtained due to the nature of the retrospective study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}