{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T22:30:50Z","timestamp":1792189850874,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,27]],"date-time":"2019-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,27]],"date-time":"2019-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We examined the literature to elucidate the role of 18F-sodium fluoride (NaF)-PET in atherosclerosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Following a systematic search of PubMed\/MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library included articles underwent subjective quality assessment with categories low, medium, and high. Of 2811 records, 1780 remained after removal of duplicates. Screening by title and abstract left 41 potentially eligible full-text articles, of which 8 (about the aortic valve (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 1), PET\/MRI feasibility (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 1), aortic aneurysms (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 1), or quantification methodology (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 5)) were dismissed, leaving 33 published 2010\u20132012 (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 6), 2013\u20132015 (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 11), and 2016\u20132018 (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 16) for analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      They focused on coronary (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 8), carotid (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 7), and femoral arteries (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 1), thoracic aorta (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 1), and infrarenal aorta (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 1). The remaining 15 studies examined more than one arterial segment. The literature was heterogeneous: few studies were designed to investigate atherosclerosis, 13 were retrospective, 9 applied both FDG and NaF as tracers, 24 NaF only. Subjective quality was low in one, medium in 13, and high in 19 studies. The literature indicates that NaF is a very specific tracer that mimics active arterial wall microcalcification, which is positively associated with cardiovascular risk. Arterial NaF uptake often presents before CT-calcification, tends to decrease with increasing density of CT-calcification, and appears, rather than FDG-avid foci, to progress to CT-calcification. It is mainly surface localized, increases with age with a wide scatter but without an obvious sex difference. NaF-avid microcalcification can occur in fatty streaks, but the degree of progression to CT-calcification is unknown. It remains unknown whether medical therapy influences microcalcification. The literature held no therapeutic or randomized controlled trials.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The literature was heterogeneous and with few clear cut messages. NaF-PET is a new approach to detect and quantify microcalcification in early-stage atherosclerosis. NaF uptake correlates with cardiovascular risk factors and appears to be a good measure of the body\u2019s atherosclerotic burden, potentially suited also for assessment of anti-atherosclerotic therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-019-04603-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,26]],"date-time":"2019-11-26T22:02:45Z","timestamp":1574805765000},"page":"1538-1551","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Atherosclerosis imaging with 18F-sodium fluoride PET: state-of-the-art review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7420-2367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Poul F.","family":"H\u00f8ilund-Carlsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Sturek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abass","family":"Alavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oke","family":"Gerke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"4603_CR1","unstructured":"Worlds Health Organization. Cardiovascular disease. WHO 2019. https:\/\/www.who.int\/cardiovascular_diseases\/en\/. Accessed 15 Sep 2019."},{"key":"4603_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1097\/00003072-200104000-00007","volume":"26","author":"M Yun","year":"2001","unstructured":"Yun M, Yeh D, Araujo LI, Jang S, Newberg A, Alavi A. F-18 FDG uptake in the large arteries: a new observation. Clin Nucl Med. 2001;26:314\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"key":"4603_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1053\/snuc.2002.29279","volume":"32","author":"M Yun","year":"2002","unstructured":"Yun M, Jang S, Cucchiara A, Newberg AB, Alavi A. 18F FDG uptake in the large arteries: a correlation study with the atherogenic risk factors. Semin Nucl Med. 2002;32:70\u20136.","journal-title":"Semin Nucl Med"},{"key":"4603_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.110.076471","volume":"51","author":"T Derlin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Derlin T, Richter U, Bannas P, et al. Feasibility of 18F-sodium fluoride PET\/CT for imaging of atherosclerotic plaque. J Nucl Med. 2010;51:862\u20135.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"4603_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.110.081208","volume":"52","author":"T Derlin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Derlin T, Wisotzki C, Richter U, et al. In vivo imaging of mineral deposition in carotid plaque using 18F-sodium fluoride PET\/CT: correlation with atherogenic risk factors. J Nucl Med. 2011;52:362\u20138.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"4603_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"b2535","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2535","volume":"339","author":"D Moher","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. BMJ. 2009;339:b2535. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.b2535.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"4603_CR7","unstructured":"PRISMA Statement. RPISMA 2015. http:\/\/prisma-statement.org\/prismastatement\/flowdiagram.aspx. Accessed 15 Sep 2019."},{"key":"4603_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-155-8-201110180-00009","volume":"155","author":"PF Whiting","year":"2011","unstructured":"Whiting PF, Rutjes AW, Westwood ME, et al. QUADAS-2: a revised tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies. Ann Intern Med. 2011;155:529\u201336.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"4603_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.12.037","volume":"59","author":"MR Dweck","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dweck MR, Chow MW, Joshi NV, et al. Coronary arterial 18F-sodium fluoride uptake: a novel marker of plaque biology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59:1539\u201348.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"4603_CR10","first-page":"150","volume":"5","author":"PD Adamson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Adamson PD, Vesey AT, Joshi NV, Newby DE, Dweck MR. Salt in the wound: (18)F-fluoride positron emission tomography for identification of vulnerable coronary plaques. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. 2015;5:150\u20135.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diagn Ther"},{"key":"4603_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1097\/MNM.0000000000000734","volume":"38","author":"BA Blomberg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Blomberg BA, Thomassen A, de Jong PA, et al. Coronary fluorine-18-sodium fluoride uptake is increased in healthy adults with an unfavorable cardiovascular risk profile: results from the CAMONA study. Nucl Med Commun. 2017;38:1007\u201314.","journal-title":"Nucl Med Commun"},{"issue":"11","key":"4603_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e006704","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.117.006704","volume":"10","author":"JM Lee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lee JM, Bang JI, Koo BK, et al. Clinical relevance of 18F-sodium fluoride positron-emission tomography in noninvasive identification of high-risk plaque in patients with coronary artery disease. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;10(11):e006704. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.117.006704.","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"4603_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2017.04.024","volume":"263","author":"T Kitagawa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kitagawa T, Yamamoto H, Toshimitsu S, et al. 18F-sodium fluoride positron emission tomography for molecular imaging of coronary atherosclerosis based on computed tomography analysis. Atherosclerosis. 2017;263:385\u201392.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis."},{"issue":"20","key":"4603_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e010224","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.010224","volume":"7","author":"T Kitagawa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kitagawa T, Yamamoto H, Nakamoto Y, et al. Predictive value of (18)F-sodium fluoride positron emission tomography in detecting high-risk coronary artery disease in combination with computed tomography. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7(20):e010224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/JAHA.118.010224.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"4603_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-018-4122-0","volume":"45","author":"L Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li L, Li X, Jia Y, et al. Sodium-fluoride PET-CT for the non-invasive evaluation of coronary plaques in symptomatic patients with coronary artery disease: a cross-correlation study with intravascular ultrasound. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2018;45:2181\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"4603_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.1007\/s12350-017-0918-8","volume":"25","author":"S Marchesseau","year":"2018","unstructured":"Marchesseau S, Seneviratna A, Sj\u00f6holm AT, et al. Hybrid PET\/CT and PET\/MRI imaging of vulnerable coronary plaque and myocardial scar tissue in acute myocardial infarction. J Nucl Cardiol. 2018;25:2001\u201311.","journal-title":"J Nucl Cardiol"},{"key":"4603_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7495","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8495","volume":"6","author":"A Irkle","year":"2015","unstructured":"Irkle A, Vesey AT, Lewis DY, et al. Identifying active vascular microcalcification by (18)F-sodium fluoride positron emission tomography. Nat Commun. 2015;6:7495. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncomms8495.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"4603_CR18","first-page":"22","volume":"32","author":"R Quirce","year":"2013","unstructured":"Quirce R, Mart\u00ednez-Rodr\u00edguez I, De Arcocha TM, et al. Contribution of 18F-sodium fluoride PET\/CT to the study of the carotid atheroma calcification. Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol. 2013;32:22\u20135.","journal-title":"Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol"},{"key":"4603_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1111\/cpf.12254","volume":"36","author":"R Quirce","year":"2016","unstructured":"Quirce R, Mart\u00ednez-Rodr\u00edguez I, Banzo I, et al. New insight of functional molecular imaging into the atheroma biology: 18F-NaF and 18F-FDG in symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid plaques after recent CVA. Preliminary results. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2016;36:499\u2013503.","journal-title":"Clin Physiol Funct Imaging"},{"key":"4603_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hop H, de Boer SA, Reijrink M, et al. 18F-sodium fluoride positron emission tomography assessed microcalcifications in culprit and non-culprit human carotid plaques. J Nucl Cardiol. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12350-018-1325-5.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12350-018-1325-5"},{"issue":"3","key":"4603_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e004976","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.116.004976","volume":"10","author":"AT Vesey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vesey AT, Jenkins WS, Irkle A, et al. 18F-fluoride and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography after transient ischemic attack or minor ischemic stroke: case-control study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;10(3):e004976. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.116.004976.","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"4603_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.02.011","volume":"27","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Li H, Jia Y, et al. Noninvasive assessment of carotid plaques calcification by 18F-sodium fluoride accumulation: correlation with pathology. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2018;27:1796\u2013801.","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"4603_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-016-3552-9","volume":"44","author":"BA Blomberg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Blomberg BA, de Jong PA, Thomassen A, et al. Thoracic aorta calcification but not inflammation is associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk: results of the CAMONA study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2017;44:249\u201358.","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"4603_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.115.154229","volume":"56","author":"F Fiz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fiz F, Morbelli S, Piccardo A, et al. 18F-NaF uptake by atherosclerotic plaque on PET\/CT imaging: inverse correlation between calcification density and mineral metabolic activity. J Nucl Med. 2015;56:1019\u201323.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"4603_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-014-2839-6","volume":"26","author":"T Derlin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Derlin T, Janssen T, Salamon J, et al. Age-related differences in the activity of arterial mineral deposition and regional bone metabolism: a 18F-sodium fluoride positron emission tomography study. Osteoporos Int. 2015;26:199\u2013207.","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"4603_CR26","first-page":"114","volume":"14","author":"M Beheshti","year":"2011","unstructured":"Beheshti M, Saboury B, Mehta NN, et al. Detection and global quantification of cardiovascular molecular calcification by fluoro18-fluoride positron emission tomography\/computed tomography--a novel concept. Hell J Nucl Med. 2011;14:114\u201320.","journal-title":"Hell J Nucl Med"},{"key":"4603_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s12350-013-9829-5","volume":"21","author":"BA Blomberg","year":"2014","unstructured":"Blomberg BA, Thomassen A, Takx RA, et al. Delayed sodium 18F-fluoride PET\/CT imaging does not improve quantification of vascular calcification metabolism: results from the CAMONA study. J Nucl Cardiol. 2014;21:293\u2013304.","journal-title":"J Nucl Cardiol"},{"key":"4603_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.115.159798","volume":"56","author":"BA Blomberg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Blomberg BA, Thomassen A, de Jong PA, et al. Impact of personal characteristics and technical factors on quantification of sodium 18F-fluoride uptake in human arteries: prospective evaluation of healthy subjects. J Nucl Med. 2015;56:1534\u201340.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"4603_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.4329\/wjr.v8.i1.82","volume":"8","author":"F Fiz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fiz F, Morbelli S, Bauckneht M, et al. Correlation between thoracic aorta 18F-natrium fluoride uptake and cardiovascular risk. World J Radiol. 2016;8:82\u20139.","journal-title":"World J Radiol"},{"key":"4603_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1097\/MNM.0000000000000748","volume":"38","author":"BA Blomberg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Blomberg BA, Thomassen A, de Jong PA, et al. Reference values for fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose and fluorine-18-sodium fluoride uptake in human arteries: a prospective evaluation of 89 healthy adults. Nucl Med Commun. 2017;38:998\u20131006.","journal-title":"Nucl Med Commun"},{"key":"4603_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1007\/s12350-016-0776-9","volume":"25","author":"MJV Ferreira","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ferreira MJV, Oliveira-Santos M, Silva R, et al. Assessment of atherosclerotic plaque calcification using F18-NaF PET-CT. J Nucl Cardiol. 2018;25:1733\u201341.","journal-title":"J Nucl Cardiol"},{"key":"4603_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2017.03.014","volume":"260","author":"M Oliveira-Santos","year":"2017","unstructured":"Oliveira-Santos M, Castelo-Branco M, Silva R, et al. Atherosclerotic plaque metabolism in high cardiovascular risk subjects - a subclinical atherosclerosis imaging study with 18F-NaF PET-CT. Atherosclerosis. 2017;260:41\u20136.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis."},{"key":"4603_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1097\/MNM.0b013e32834c187e","volume":"33","author":"Y Li","year":"2012","unstructured":"Li Y, Berenji GR, Shaba WF, Tafti B, Yevdayev E, Dadparvar S. Association of vascular fluoride uptake with vascular calcification and coronary artery disease. Nucl Med Commun. 2012;33:14\u201320.","journal-title":"Nucl Med Commun"},{"key":"4603_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61754-7","volume":"383","author":"NV Joshi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Joshi NV, Vesey AT, Williams MC, et al. 18F-fluoride positron emission tomography for identification of ruptured and high-risk coronary atherosclerotic plaques: a prospective clinical trial. Lancet. 2014;383:705\u201313.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"4603_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/s12350-013-9680-8","volume":"20","author":"T Janssen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Janssen T, Bannas P, Herrmann J, et al. Association of linear 18F-sodium fluoride accumulation in femoral arteries as a measure of diffuse calcification with cardiovascular risk factors: a PET\/CT study. J Nucl Cardiol. 2013;20:569\u201377.","journal-title":"J Nucl Cardiol"},{"key":"4603_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.111.087452","volume":"52","author":"T Derlin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Derlin T, T\u00f3th Z, Papp L, et al. Correlation of inflammation assessed by 18F-FDG PET, active mineral deposition assessed by 18F-fluoride PET, and vascular calcification in atherosclerotic plaque: a dual-tracer PET\/CT study. J Nucl Med. 2011;52:1020\u20137.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"4603_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.116.182790","volume":"58","author":"X Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li X, Heber D, Cal-Gonzalez J, et al. Association between osteogenesis and inflammation during the progression of calcified plaque evaluated by 18F-fluoride and 18F-FDG. J Nucl Med. 2017;58:968\u201374.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"4603_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s10554-013-0342-3","volume":"30","author":"S Morbelli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Morbelli S, Fiz F, Piccardo A, et al. Divergent determinants of 18F-NaF uptake and visible calcium deposition in large arteries: relationship with Framingham risk score. Int J Card Imaging. 2014;30:439\u201347.","journal-title":"Int J Card Imaging"},{"key":"4603_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-017-3680-x","volume":"44","author":"Y Ishiwata","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ishiwata Y, Kaneta T, Nawata S, Hino-Shishikura A, Yoshida K, Inoue T. Quantification of temporal changes in calcium score in active atherosclerotic plaque in major vessels by 18F-sodium fluoride PET\/CT. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2017;44:1529\u201337.","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"4603_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-013-0364-4","volume":"15","author":"W Chen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chen W, Dilsizian V. Targeted PET\/CT imaging of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques: microcalcification with sodium fluoride and inflammation with fluorodeoxyglucose. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2013;15:364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11886-013-0364-4.","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rep"},{"key":"4603_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7463590","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7463590","volume":"2017","author":"DA Chistiakav","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chistiakav DA, Myasoedova VA, Melnichenko AA, Grechko AV, Orekhov AN. Calcifying matrix vesicles and atherosclerosis. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:7463590. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2017\/7463590.","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"4603_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.113.302642","volume":"34","author":"F Otsuka","year":"2014","unstructured":"Otsuka F, Sakakura K, Yahagi K, Joner M, Virmani R. Has our understanding of calcification in human coronary atherosclerosis progressed? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2014;34:724\u201336.","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"issue":"26","key":"4603_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10741","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1308814110","volume":"110","author":"A Kelly-Arnold","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kelly-Arnold A, Maldonado N, Laudier D, Aikawa E, Cardoso L, Weinbaum S. Revised microcalcification hypothesis for fibrous cap rupture in human coronary arteries. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110(26):10741\u20136.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"4603_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1097\/RTI.0b013e3181d9c9f9","volume":"26","author":"GS Meirelles","year":"2011","unstructured":"Meirelles GS, Gonen M, Strauss HW. 18F-FDG uptake and calcifications in thoracic aorta on positron emission tomography\/computed tomography examinations: frequency and stability of serial scans. J Thorac Imaging. 2011;26:54\u201362.","journal-title":"J Thorac Imaging"},{"key":"4603_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2190","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-018-4078-0","volume":"45","author":"ML McKenney-Drake","year":"2018","unstructured":"McKenney-Drake ML, Moghbel MC, et al. 18F-NaF and 18F-FDG as molecular probes in the evaluation of atherosclerosis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2018;45:2190\u201300.","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"4603_CR46","first-page":"209","volume":"34","author":"RL Holman","year":"1958","unstructured":"Holman RL, McGill HC Jr, Strong JP, Geer JC. The natural history of atherosclerosis. The early aortic lesions as seen in New Orleans in the middle of the 20th century. Am J Pathol. 1958;34:209\u201335.","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"5 Suppl","key":"4603_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.5.1307s","volume":"72","author":"HC McGill Jr","year":"2000","unstructured":"McGill HC Jr, McMahan CA, Herderick EE, Malcom GT, Tracy RE, Strong JP. Origin of atherosclerosis in childhood and adolescence. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72(5 Suppl):1307S\u201315S.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"8","key":"4603_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.11.041","volume":"65","author":"A Arbab-Zadeh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Arbab-Zadeh A, Fuster V. The myth of the \u201cvulnerable plaque\u201d: transitioning from a focus on individual lesions to atherosclerotic disease burden for coronary artery disease risk assessment. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65(8):846\u201355.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4603_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e008574","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.118.008574","volume":"12","author":"AJ Moss","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moss AJ, Doris MK, Andrews JPM, et al. Molecular coronary plaque imaging using 18F-fluoride. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019 Aug;12(8):e008574. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.118.008574.","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"4603_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Moss AJ, Dweck MR, Doris MK, et al. Ticagrelor to reduce myocardial injury in patients with high-risk coronary artery plaque. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcmg.2019.05.023.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2019.05.023"},{"issue":"8","key":"4603_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e009591","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.119.009591","volume":"12","author":"M Salarian","year":"2019","unstructured":"Salarian M, Sadeghi MM. Hype or Hope18F-NaF positron emission tomography for vulnerable coronary plaque imaging. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019 Aug;12(8):e009591. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.119.009591.","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"issue":"1","key":"4603_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"015005","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/aa97c8","volume":"63","author":"J Cal-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cal-Gonz\u00e1lez J, Tsoumpas C, Lassen ML, et al. Impact of motion compensation and partial volume correction for 18F-NaF PET\/CT imaging of coronary plaque. Phys Med Biol. 2017;63(1):015005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/aa97c8.","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"4603_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1007\/s12350-017-0778-2","volume":"25","author":"J Cal-Gonzalez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cal-Gonzalez J, Li X, Heber D, et al. Partial volume correction for improved PET quantification in 18F-NaF imaging of atherosclerotic plaques. J Nucl Cardiol. 2018;25:1742\u201356.","journal-title":"J Nucl Cardiol"},{"key":"4603_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Doris MK, Otaki Y, Krishnan SK, et al. Optimization of reconstruction and quantification of motion-corrected coronary PET-CT. J Nucl Cardiol. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12350-018-1317-5.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12350-018-1317-5"},{"issue":"12","key":"4603_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e008325","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.118.008325","volume":"11","author":"J Kwiecinski","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kwiecinski J, Adamson PD, Lassen ML, et al. Feasibility of coronary 18F-sodium fluoride positron-emission tomography assessment with the utilization of previously acquired computed tomography angiography. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2018;11(12):e008325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.118.008325.","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"issue":"4","key":"4603_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.118.217885","volume":"60","author":"J Kwiecinski","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kwiecinski J, Berman DS, Lee SE, et al. Three-hour delayed imaging improves assessment of coronary 18F-sodium fluoride PET. J Nucl Med. 2019;60(4):530\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2967\/jnumed.118.217885.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"4603_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s12350-017-1062-1","volume":"25","author":"A Alavi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alavi A, Werner TJ, H\u00f8ilund-Carlsen PF. PET-based imaging to detect and characterize cardiovascular disorders: unavoidable path for the foreseeable future. J Nucl Cardiol. 2018;25:203\u20137.","journal-title":"J Nucl Cardiol"},{"key":"4603_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bellinge JW, Majeed K, Carr SS, et al. Coronary artery 18F-NaF PET analysis with the use of an elastic motion correction software. J Nucl Cardiol. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12350-018-01587-7.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12350-018-01587-7"},{"issue":"1","key":"4603_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e007835","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.118.007835","volume":"12","author":"MD Creager","year":"2019","unstructured":"Creager MD, Hohl T, Hutcheson JD, et al. 18F-Fluoride signal amplification identifies microcalcifications associated with atherosclerotic plaque instability in positron emission tomography\/computed tomography images. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019 Jan;12(1):e007835. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.118.007835.","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"4603_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kwiecinski J, Dey D, Cadet S, et al. Peri-coronary adipose tissue density is associated with 18f-sodium fluoride coronary uptake in stable patients with high-risk plaques. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcmg.2018.11.032.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2018.11.032"},{"issue":"6","key":"4603_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.118.217877","volume":"60","author":"ML Lassen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lassen ML, Kwiecinski J, Cadet S, et al. Data-driven gross patient motion detection and compensation: implications for coronary 18F-NaF PET imaging. J Nucl Med. 2019;60(6):830\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2967\/jnumed.118.217877.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"4603_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kwiecinski J, Dey D, Cadet S, et al. Predictors of 18F-sodium fluoride uptake in patients with stable coronary artery disease and adverse plaque features on computed tomography angiography. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ehjci\/jez152.","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jez152"},{"key":"4603_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lassen ML, Kwiecinski J, Dey D, et al. Triple-gated motion and blood pool clearance corrections improve reproducibility of coronary 18F-NaF PET. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00259-019-04437-x.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-019-04437-x"},{"key":"4603_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1007\/s12350-017-0977-x","volume":"25","author":"A Alavi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alavi A, Werner TJ, H\u00f8ilund-Carlsen PF. What can be and what cannot be accomplished with PET to detect and characterize atherosclerotic plaques. J Nucl Cardiol. 2018;25:2012\u20135.","journal-title":"J Nucl Cardiol"},{"key":"4603_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Arbab-Zadeh A. Does \u201cvulnerable\u201d atherosclerotic plaque modify coronary blood flow?: How myths perpetuate. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcmg.2019.07.011 No abstract available.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2019.07.011"},{"key":"4603_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-019-04383-8","volume":"46","author":"PF H\u00f8ilund-Carlsen","year":"2019","unstructured":"H\u00f8ilund-Carlsen PF, Edenbrandt L, Alavi A. Global disease score (GDS) is the name of the game! Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2019;46:1768\u201372.","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"4603_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.01.036","volume":"65","author":"R Puri","year":"2015","unstructured":"Puri R, Nicholls SJ, Shao M, et al. Impact of statins on serial coronary calcification during atheroma progression and regression. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65:1273\u201382.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00259-019-04603-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00259-019-04603-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00259-019-04603-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,23]],"date-time":"2023-09-23T06:57:23Z","timestamp":1695452243000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00259-019-04603-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,27]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["4603"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00259-019-04603-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1619-7070","1619-7089"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1619-7070","type":"print"},{"value":"1619-7089","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 September 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 November 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 November 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}