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The introduced 3D convolutional neural network was trained using 90% of the data and externally tested using 10% as well as comparison to human readers on the same independent test set. The model\u2019s performance was analyzed with sensitivity, specificity, precision, F1 score, receiver operating characteristic (ROC). The regional metabolic changes driving classification were visualized using uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP) and network attention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The proposed model achieved area under the ROC curve of 96.2% (95% confidence interval: 90.6\u2013100) on predicting the final diagnosis of DLB in the independent test set, 96.4% (92.7\u2013100) in AD, 71.4% (51.6\u201391.2) in MCI-AD, and 94.7% (90\u201399.5) in CN, which in ROC space outperformed human readers performance. The network attention depicted the posterior cingulate cortex is important for each neurodegenerative disease, and the UMAP visualization of the extracted features by the proposed model demonstrates the reality of development of the given disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using only 18F-FDG PET of the brain, a 3D deep learning model could predict the final diagnosis of the most common neurodegenerative disorders which achieved a competitive performance compared to the human readers as well as their consensus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-021-05483-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]],"date-time":"2021-07-30T01:02:36Z","timestamp":1627606956000},"page":"563-584","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["A 3D deep learning model to predict the diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies, Alzheimer\u2019s disease, and mild cognitive impairment using brain 18F-FDG PET"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2006-6229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kobra","family":"Etminani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0264-8762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amira","family":"Soliman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5704-5670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anette","family":"Davidsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose R.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bego\u00f1a","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Sanchis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0293-040X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Byttner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valle","family":"Camacho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Bauckneht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roxana","family":"Stegeran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus","family":"Ressner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Agudelo-Cifuentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Chincarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Brendel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Axel","family":"Rominger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rose","family":"Bruffaerts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rik","family":"Vandenberghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milica G.","family":"Kramberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maja","family":"Trost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5836-0792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Nicastro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni B.","family":"Frisoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afina W.","family":"Lemstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart N. 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