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Therefore, the present proof-of-principle study was aimed at the rapid detection of <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> in synovial fluids and biofilms on extracted osteosynthesis materials through bacteria-targeted fluorescence imaging with the \u2018smart-activatable\u2019 DNA-based AttoPolyT probe. This fluorogenic oligonucleotide probe yields large fluorescence increases upon cleavage by micrococcal nuclease, an enzyme secreted by <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Synovial fluids from patients with suspected PJI and extracted osteosynthesis materials from trauma patients with suspected FRI were inspected for <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> nuclease activity with the AttoPolyT probe. Biofilms on osteosynthesis materials were imaged with the AttoPolyT probe and a vancomycin-IRDye800CW conjugate (vanco-800CW) specific for Gram-positive bacteria.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>38 synovial fluid samples were collected and analyzed. Significantly higher fluorescence levels were measured for <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>-positive samples compared to, respectively, other Gram-positive bacterial pathogens (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001), Gram-negative bacterial pathogens (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0038) and non-infected samples (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0030), allowing a diagnosis of <jats:italic>S. aureus-<\/jats:italic>associated PJI within 2\u00a0h. Importantly, <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>-associated biofilms on extracted osteosynthesis materials from patients with FRI were accurately imaged with the AttoPolyT probe, allowing their correct distinction from biofilms formed by other Gram-positive bacteria detected with vanco-800CW within 15\u00a0min.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The present study highlights the potential clinical value of the AttoPolyT probe for fast and accurate detection of <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> infection in synovial fluids and biofilms on extracted osteosynthesis materials.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-023-06499-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]],"date-time":"2023-11-14T10:02:50Z","timestamp":1699956170000},"page":"2988-2997","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A fluorogenic micrococcal nuclease-based probe for fast detection and optical imaging of Staphylococcus aureus in prosthetic joint and fracture-related infections"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Jorrit W.A.","family":"Schoenmakers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"L\u00f3pez\u2011\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank F.A.","family":"IJpma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjan","family":"Wouthuyzen-Bakker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"2nd","given":"James O.","family":"McNamara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marleen","family":"van Oosten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul C.","family":"Jutte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5688-8438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan Maarten","family":"van Dijl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"6499_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2017.01.001","volume":"31","author":"JJ Ross","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ross JJ. 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The samples were treated pseudo-anonymously. No clinical decisions were made based on the results of this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Patients involved in donating osteosynthesis materials gave written informed consent to participate in this study, which included the use of pseudo-anonymized data and samples for the purpose of research and publication. Due to the UMCG\u2019s opt-out research consent policy, informed written consent for the use of patient diagnostic surplus materials (i.e., synovial fluid samples) was not necessary as, unless stated otherwise in the individual patient\u2019s medical files, consent is given trough this policy.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"James O. McNamara is the founder and CEO of Nuclease Probe Technologies. The other authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}