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The patients were prospectively enrolled to undergo [<jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F]FDG-PET\/CT imaging before and 3\u00a0months after RT. An adaptive contrast-oriented thresholding algorithm was applied to generate mean standardized uptake values (SUVmean) for regions of interest (ROIs) 3\u00a0mm outside and 3\u00a0mm inside the outer perimeter of the AA, DA, and AoA. These ROIs were employed to exclusively select the aortic wall and remove the influence of blood pool activity. SUVmeans before and after RT were compared using two-tailed paired <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>-tests.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>RT treatments were associated with increased SUVmeans in the AA, DA, and AoA\u20141.9%, 0.3%, and 1.3% for proton and 15.8%, 9.5%, and 15.5% for photon, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in the \u2206SUVmean (post-RT SUVmean\u2009\u2212\u2009pre-RT SUVmean) in patients treated with photon RT when compared to \u2206SUVmean in patients treated with proton RT in the AA (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.043) and AoA (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.015). There was an average increase in SUVmean that was related to dose for photon patients (across structures), but that was not seen for proton patients, although the increase was not statistically significant.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our results suggest that patients treated with photon RT for NSCLC may exhibit significantly more RT-induced inflammation (measured as \u2206SUVmean) in the AA and AoA when compared to patients who received proton RT. Knowledge gained from further analyses in larger cohorts could aid in treatment planning and help prevent the significant morbidity and mortality associated with RT-induced vascular complications.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>NCT02135679.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-023-06535-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]],"date-time":"2023-12-14T10:01:45Z","timestamp":1702548105000},"page":"1444-1450","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Comparative assessment of radiation therapy\u2013induced vasculitis using [18F]FDG-PET\/CT in patients with non-small cell lung cancer treated with proton versus photon radiotherapy"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"D.","family":"Evanson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Griffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. 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