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Our aim was to develop functional PET imaging of GM, using a multi-tracer approach to capture bacteria classes involved in sugar fermentation and choline catabolism at their gastrointestinal (GI) location.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Adult and young sex-balanced groups of mice underwent oral administration of [\n                      <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                      F]FDG, [\n                      <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                      F]FDS or [\n                      <jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>\n                      C]choline ([\n                      <jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>\n                      C]cho) and repeated PET imaging over 4\u20135 h. Antibiotics, probiotic or faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) served to quantify the specific role and site of bacteria action. GM was sequenced ex-vivo; gut histology and metabolic profiles were assessed in subsets.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      [\n                      <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                      F]FDG and [\n                      <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                      F]FDS reflected caecum abundance of\n                      <jats:italic>Clostridia<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Bacteroidia<\/jats:italic>\n                      fermenters, with [\n                      <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                      F]FDG exhibiting strongest and broadest relations. Clearance of [\n                      <jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>\n                      C]cho from small gut reflected\n                      <jats:italic>Bacilli<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Lactobacilli<\/jats:italic>\n                      abundance. In vitro cultures supported these relationships. Urinary\n                      <jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>\n                      C-excretion was nearly abolished by antibiotics. PET imaging was able to differentiate and predict gut bacteria classes in mice receiving FMT from two age-extreme human donors. Urinary [\n                      <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                      F]FDS excretion reflected small-gut goblet cell activation; high caecum [\n                      <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                      F]FDG retention and small gut [\n                      <jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>\n                      C]cho clearance predicted body glucose use and low systemic inflammation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Imaging of ingested probes is simple and effective to map GM characteristics in situ and the functional crosstalk with host processes in mice in real-time. Our data confirm that the GI ecosystem is highly diversified, pointing to small intestine and caecum GM as dominant players in gut-body handling of our target nutrients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-026-07988-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T02:16:14Z","timestamp":1781316974000},"page":"6111-6127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Functional PET imaging of gut microbiota with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose, [18F]fluorodeoxysorbitol and [11C]choline reflects Clostridia and Lactobacillales abundance in caecum and small intestine and host metabolic interactions"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Federica","family":"La Rosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Angela","family":"Guzzardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Conti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debora","family":"Petroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mercedes","family":"Pardo Tendero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Bernardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Barone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Panetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorena","family":"Tedeschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Costanza","family":"Fabbri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Casavecchia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daria","family":"Riabitch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Granziera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosetta","family":"Ragusa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Caselli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Assuero","family":"Giorgetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Campani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Baglini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Menichetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Elsinga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gert","family":"Luurtsema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrizia","family":"Brigidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6443-7074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Iozzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"7988_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-024-00521-3","volume":"13","author":"NG Vallianou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vallianou NG, Kounatidis D, Psallida S, Panagopoulos F, Stratigou T, Geladari E, et al. 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