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Here, we assessed the suitability of a bolus plus constant infusion (B\/I) paradigm for brain-wide dopamine D\n                      <jats:sub>2\/3<\/jats:sub>\n                      receptor imaging with the agonist radioligand [\n                      <jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>\n                      C]-(+)-PHNO.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Five healthy male volunteers underwent two B\/I [\n                      <jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>\n                      C]-(+)-PHNO positron emission tomography (PET) scans combined with a mid-scan intravenous amphetamine challenge. Non-displaceable binding potentials (BP\n                      <jats:sub>ND<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) were calculated using the equilibrium ratio method and an algorithmically constrained cerebellum as the reference region.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Reproducible baseline BP\n                      <jats:sub>ND<\/jats:sub>\n                      values were obtained for the majority of regions examined, with intraclass correlation coefficients ranging from 0.5 to 0.93, and test-retest variability remaining below 10%. Moreover, amphetamine-induced decreases in receptor binding were observed in both scans in cortical and a number of subcortical regions. In the globus pallidus and ventral striatum, however, equilibrium had not been reached prior to amphetamine injection, suggesting that further optimization of the protocol might be needed to quantify amphetamine effects in D\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      receptor-rich regions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These results indicate that, within certain limitations, synchronous cortical and subcortical measurements of D\n                      <jats:sub>2\/3<\/jats:sub>\n                      receptors at baseline and under challenge conditions can be achieved using the B\/I approach and [\n                      <jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>\n                      C]-(+)-PHNO PET.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-026-07998-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]],"date-time":"2026-06-14T23:25:06Z","timestamp":1781479506000},"page":"6252-6263","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Continuous infusion [11C]-(+)-PHNO PET for measuring dopamine D2\/3 receptor availability and amphetamine effects across the brain: Feasibility and test-retest reliability"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Irena","family":"Dajic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Sauerzopf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Weidenauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cornelia","family":"Diendorfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Landesmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivo","family":"Rausch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Hahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Spurny-Dworak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manfred","family":"Kl\u00f6bl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murray","family":"Reed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rupert","family":"Lanzenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Zeitlinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucie","family":"Bartova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Wolkersdorfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"Nics","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Wadsak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus","family":"Hacker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9cile","family":"Philippe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Praschak-Rieder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8418-6188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matth\u00e4us","family":"Willeit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"7998_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511575853","volume-title":"Imaging dopamine","author":"P Cumming","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cumming P. 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The study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and International Consortium on Harmonization - Good Clinical Practice (ICH-GCP) standards.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"After a full explanation of study procedures and risks, all participants provided written informed consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to publish","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Financial interests: Without relevance to this work, Matth\u00e4us Willeit declares to having received speaker honoraria and consulting fees from Janssen-Cilag Pharma GmbH, Austria. Without any relevance to this work, Ana Weidenauer has received speakers honoraria from AOP Pharma, B\u00f6hringer Ingelheim and Janssen. Within the last three years, Dr. Bartova has received travel grants and consultant\/speaker honoraria from Alpine Market Research, Angelini, Biogen, Diagnosia, Dialectica, Janssen, Johnson & Johnson, Lundbeck, Market Access Transformation, Medizin Medien Austria, Novartis, Schwabe and Universimed.Non-financial interests: Marcus Hacker is an editor at EJNMMI.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}